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# Illumin Magazine - USC Viterbi School of Engineering

Illumin Magazine - USC Viterbi School of Engineering

## Sitemaps

- [XML Sitemap](https://illumin.usc.edu/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website.

## Posts

- [Articles](https://illumin.usc.edu/articles/)
- [Living Skins: Nature-Inspired Architecture for a Sustainable Future](https://illumin.usc.edu/living-skins-nature-inspired-architecture-for-a-sustainable-future/) - Explore how nature-inspired "living skins" like termite mounds and durian fruit can revolutionize sustainable architecture and passive cooling in modern design.
- [Beyond the Grid: How Sudoku Reflects Computational Thinking](https://illumin.usc.edu/beyond-the-grid-how-sudoku-reflects-computational-thinking/) - This article explores how Sudoku reflects computational thinking, serving as a lens into how AI models solve complex Constraint Satisfaction Problems.
- [Autocorrect and Beyond: How Hidden Models Shape Our Words and Our World](https://illumin.usc.edu/autocorrect-and-beyond-how-hidden-models-shape-our-words-and-our-world/) - The article details how autocorrect and language models operate, highlights their bias against cultural diversity, and warns of language homogenization.
- [Food of the Future: Robots in Restaurants](https://illumin.usc.edu/food-of-the-future-robots-in-restaurants/) - This article explores the rise of service robots as chefs and waiters in restaurants, and the potential social and emotional impacts.
- [The Ground Effect: An Analysis of Aerodynamics and Overtaking of Formula 1 Cars](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-ground-effect-an-analysis-of-aerodynamics-and-overtaking-of-formula-1-cars/) - This paper explores how Formula 1 teams use ground effect and advanced aerodynamics to boost cornering speeds and lap times, revolutionizing racing performance.
- [Common Threads Between Knitting and Engineering](https://illumin.usc.edu/common-threads-between-knitting-and-engineering/) - This article explores the interdisciplinary link between knitting and engineering, covering its binary patterns, mechanical properties, and computational logic.
- [The Powers of Melanin](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-powers-of-melanin/) - Abstract The molecule in humans that pigments our physical features, called eumelanin, has been known to have electrical properties. Now with advanced technology, there have been groundbreaking studies that have resulted in forms of melanin that have practical conductivity levels. Researchers suggest that the superconductive and semiconductive properties of the material can be harnessed to
- [The Volume: How “The Mandalorian” Revolutionized Filmmaking](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-volume-how-the-mandalorian-revolutionized-filmmaking/) - We go to the movie theater expecting to be tricked into believing a story that takes place in another world often beyond our imagination. But we’ve all seen the behind-the-scenes look at our favorite films of the actor or actress we love standing in front of a green screen with a bodysuit on and little
- [On the Science and Craft of Ballet Pointe Shoes](https://illumin.usc.edu/craft-of-ballet-pointe-shoes/) - Wood has played a central role in construction for centuries, offering strength, durability, and a natural aesthetic. However, while it has been primarily a structural material, a new approach could revolutionize the ways wood can be used. Transparent wood is a new variation formed by chemically removing the darker color component called lignin. The removal of only lignin allows transparent wood to retain most of the wood’s strength and durability with the added benefit of light transparency. Transparent wood’s inherent physical properties make it a compelling candidate to replace glass as a stronger and more thermal-insulating transparent material. As architects and builders seek eco-friendly solutions, the integration of transparent wood into buildings opens new avenues for energy-efficient designs and visually captivating structures, ushering in a new era in construction technology.
- [Chewing Gum: The Newest Study Tool](https://illumin.usc.edu/chewing-gum-the-newest-study-tool/) - While many people chew gum for enjoyment or to help with bad breath, there is a lot more going on behind the scenes. Chewing gum has been around for thousands of years in different shapes and forms. The key to its longevity is its composition, which encourages endless chewing. Through chewing, the blood vessels surrounding
- [The Algorithm behind Plane Ticket Prices and How to Get the Best Deal](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-algorithm-behind-plane-ticket-prices-and-how-to-get-the-best-deal/) - Written by: Kiera Shepard Kiera is a senior studying biomedical engineering with an emphasis in mechanical engineering, pursuing a Masters in applied biostatistics and epidemiology. As a frequent flyer between LA and her hometown of San Francisco, she is intrigued by the algorithms behind airline fares. Abstract Have you ever wondered why plane ticket prices
- [NASA’s Memory Wheels](https://illumin.usc.edu/nasas-memory-wheels/) - Abstract: Space exploration is a dangerous yet necessary endeavor humanity must take on to ensure its survival as a species. The conditions in outer space and on other planets are hostile and utterly different from the ones on earth; for humans to survive outside our planet, everything must be reinvented. We need space suits to
- [Synthesizers: Engineering Harmonies](https://illumin.usc.edu/synthesizers-engineering-harmonies/) - Much of modern music production relies on the synthesizer. These are electronic music instruments that produce waveforms to create a rich variety of sound. This essay dives into how synthesizers are able to generate these sounds. We start from the very basics and discuss the science of sound, from its wave-like properties to different parameters that describe a soundwave. Then, we connect these concepts to the physical implementation of a synthesizer, discussing its many features and what can be done with them. Lastly, we introduce real life examples of its use in music.
- [Striking Physics: The Science Behind Bowling](https://illumin.usc.edu/striking-physics-the-science-behind-bowling/) - Though it might not look like it at first, bowling is a sport that combines the application of physics principles, critical thinking, and skillful utilization of techniques. As an ever-growing spectator sport in the United States, it is one of the most popular activities for people of all skill levels and backgrounds throughout the world.
- [How to Engineer a Record-Breaking Swimsuit](https://illumin.usc.edu/how-to-engineer-a-record-breaking-swimsuit/) - Abstract Competitive swimwear has increasingly become more high-tech since the 1990s. Recently, most medals won at the Olympics were won by swimmers wearing high-tech and highly engineered swimsuits. Likewise, most world records broken in the past 10 years were broken wearing high-tech swimsuits. As such, it is important to understand the engineering and technology behind
- [From Thoughts to Actions: Brain-computer Interface Technology’s Modern Applications and Future Place in Society](https://illumin.usc.edu/from-thoughts-to-actions/) - Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology is a communication system that offers a direct pathway between the brain and an external device. BCI systems decode neural signals to enable the control of prosthetic limbs, assistive devices, computer interfaces and more. This technology is beginning to revolutionize the way that healthcare providers can rehabilitate or augment the capabilities and quality of life of patients experiencing a wide range of neurological or psychiatric conditions. Taking an interdisciplinary approach of combining neuroscience, engineering, and computer science, researchers and developers have been able to create two avenues of the functioning for this technology: noninvasive and invasive BCIs. This article discusses the underpinnings of BCI’s functioning, the two different categories of the technology, and research to support the success of this emerging technology.
- [Sound Check! Crafting Acoustics for Performance](https://illumin.usc.edu/crafting-acoustics-for-performance/) - Designing performance venues requires a careful balance of physics, engineering, and creativity to achieve the best possible sound quality for audiences. From concert halls to theaters, the way these spaces are constructed can make or break the auditory experience. Every detail, from the materials used to the shape of the room, is meticulously planned to control how sound travels and interacts within the space. This article examines the science behind the design of performance venues, focusing on how acoustic principles are applied to create spaces that enhance sound. It also examines how emerging technologies are set to improve this process. New computer modeling tools will allow architects to more accurately predict how sound will behave in different structures, offering a more refined approach to designing these spaces. As performance expectations evolve, so will the demand for venues that can support richer and more immersive sound experiences. By exploring both the traditional scientific principles and the innovative tools shaping the future, this article offers a comprehensive look at the world of architectural acoustics.
- [Editors’ Note – Volume XXVI Issue I](https://illumin.usc.edu/editors-note-volume-xxvi-issue-i/) - Beneath the surface of everyday life lies a world of engineering and science that defines how we understand and engage with the world around us. In this issue, we traverse present and future technologies ahead, from the perfume we spray and the GPS in our phones to 3D printed housing and rockets that can fly
- [How Reusable Rockets Land And Why It Matters](https://illumin.usc.edu/how-reusable-rockets-land-and-why-it-matters/) - Reusable rockets will have profound effects on the future of the human race because they are –and will continue– to reduce the cost of sending matter off Earth. This will eventually lead to important new products and services that take advantage of access to space, and with sufficient cost reduction and motivation, humanity could use
- [Sleep Smarter: The Technology Behind Better Rest](https://illumin.usc.edu/sleep-smarter-the-technology-behind-better-rest/) - Over time, people have become more aware of the importance of sleep [1]. Adequate sleep allows the brain, body, and mind to rest and rejuvenate [2]. However, despite advancements in sleep technologies, sleep disorders are becoming increasingly common [3]. Smart mattresses offer a potential solution by adapting to an individual’s sleep patterns and optimizing comfort.
- [Beyond Fragrance: The Engineering Behind Modern Perfume Design](https://illumin.usc.edu/beyond-fragrance-the-engineering-behind-modern-perfume-design/) - The Art and Science of Fragrance On your way back home, you decide to pick up a snack from the gas station. As you walk into the shop packed full of various beverages and food, you are greeted by the smell of freshly baked sugar cookies. They smell heavenly, and you decide to buy a
- [3D Printing: The Sustainable Answer to Affordable Housing?](https://illumin.usc.edu/3d-printing-the-sustainable-answer-to-affordable-housing/) - Unaffordable housing remains a growing issue and is expected to worsen over time due to natural disasters, economic instability, and lack of affordable and rapid construction solutions. 3D Concrete Printing (3DCP) has emerged as a promising solution capable of building structures in a quick and cost-effective manner. This article dives into the evolution of 3DCP,
- [Why Your GPS Sometimes Lies: The Engineering Challenges of Navigation](https://illumin.usc.edu/why-your-gps-sometimes-lies-the-engineering-challenges-of-navigation/) - This paper explores the surprising imperfections of a navigation system most of us trust daily. While Global Positioning System (GPS) technology is widely considered precise, it often falls short due to complex engineering challenges, such as atmospheric interference, urban signal reflections, and timing errors. This article investigates the scientific and technical reasons behind these shortcomings
- [Cloud gaming: a viable alternative, or a cloudy future?](https://illumin.usc.edu/cloud-gaming-a-viable-alternative-or-a-cloudy-future/) - Cloud gaming has long been touted as an alternative to traditional gaming setups, promising users the ability to play the most popular games without having to shoulder the cost of expensive hardware. This is done by streaming the game via a remote data center onto one’s local hardware, reducing the burden placed onto one’s device.
- [Editors' Note - Volume XXV Issue III](https://illumin.usc.edu/editors-note-volume-xxv-issue-iii/) - In this issue, we highlight the evolution of technologies, from solar panels to digital note-taking, and their role in creating an inclusive, collaborative future. We begin with Chewing Gum: The Newest Study Tool, which discusses the history of chewing gum as well as its psychological benefits as a study aid. Chewing gum improves memory and
- [Through RAG Comes Revolution: Efficient & Accurate AI](https://illumin.usc.edu/through-rag-comes-revolution-efficient-accurate-ai/) - Artificial intelligence (AI) is a developing field that incorporates Large Language Models to process substantial amounts of information. Large Language Models (LLMs) are trained in data, which is then used by AI to provide output based on a given input. However, this method has flaws that often lead to inaccurate responses. This is where retrieval
- [AI and Games: Partners in Innovation](https://illumin.usc.edu/ai-and-games-partners-in-innovation/) - Since the 1950s, artificial intelligence (AI) and video games have evolved alongside each other. Due to their clear objectives and structured rules, games have long served as ideal testing grounds for emerging AI models. This paper explores the historic and ongoing relationship between AI and games, first describing milestone achievements due to AI victories in
- [Transparent Solar Panels: The Future of Energy](https://illumin.usc.edu/transparent-solar-panels-the-future-of-energy/) - This paper will spread knowledge on transparent solar panels. Topics will range from how transparent solar panels work to the variety of different applications for which transparent solar panels will be used. It will also cover the practicalities of installing these panels in skyscrapers and global perception, showing how we can slowly implement this technology
- [Modern Note Taking: It's All Virtually Handwritten!](https://illumin.usc.edu/modern-note-taking-its-all-virtually-handwritten/) - The growing prevalence of digital writing in personal, academic, and professional settings is due to recent advancements in the stylus-tablet technology and handwriting recognition software. Using research spanning the user documentation of industry tools and methods to improve digital writing and dynamic digital graphics, this article presents the current state of virtual note-taking with descriptive
- [Pedal to the Metal, and the Computer: The Engineering Behind Analog and Digital Guitar Pedals](https://illumin.usc.edu/pedal-to-the-metal/) - Guitar pedals play a pivotal role in shaping the soundscapes of modern music. By exploring the engineering behind these devices, this article delves into the evolution of guitar pedals from their analog origins to the digital emulations. It begins by highlighting the history of the devices, then describing different effects produced by pedals. Next the article examines how pedalboards can enhance the effects even further. The engineering technology behind both analog and digital pedals are explained, before finally discussing the implications of both in the modern music world. Through this journey, readers will gain insight into how engineering continues to bridge artistic expression and technological advancement.
- [Hidden Layers: The Keys to Data Transmission on the Internet](https://illumin.usc.edu/hidden-layers-the-keys-to-data-transmission-on-the-internet/) - The Internet has ushered in a new age, marked by the transformation of many sectors of society. Commerce, education, and entertainment have grown to rely on digital applications which increase productivity, provide information forums, and facilitate cultural trends. Often hidden to users, these online applications transform data between layers, enabling digital communication. As the result of decades of innovation, the unique design decisions behind these layers allows data transmission to be high-speed, error resilient, and global.
- [Internet Micro-Satellites: Filling the Sky and Connecting the World](https://illumin.usc.edu/internet-micro-satellites-filling-the-sky-and-connecting-the-world/) - Internet micro-satellites are small communications satellites that provide an internet connection to customers anywhere in the world. They work together in thousand-strong groups to relay signals with minimal lag. This article provides an overview of the phenomenon, design considerations involved in building a successful constellation, and impacts these constellations will have.
- [Looking Inside the Digital Wallet: The Future of Payments](https://illumin.usc.edu/looking-inside-the-digital-wallet-the-future-of-payments/) - In today’s fast-paced digital world, convenience and efficiency have become essential to how we manage our lives—especially when it comes to how we pay. Digital wallets are transforming everyday transactions, allowing users to store cards, IDs, tickets, and more in one secure app on their smartphones. This article explores the rise of digital wallets, diving into the technology that powers them—from encryption and tokenization to NFC and payment gateways—while also highlighting their impact on both consumers and businesses. As we move toward a cashless society, digital wallets not only simplify payments but also pave the way for the future of money with innovations like cryptocurrencies and Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs). Despite security challenges, the growing adoption of digital wallets shows that this technology is more than just a trend—it’s shaping the future of finance.
- [From Metal Frames to Aerodynamic Marvels: Engineering Innovation in Road Biking](https://illumin.usc.edu/from-metal-frames-to-aerodynamic-marvels-engineering-innovation-in-road-biking/) - Engineering has become deeply rooted in the evolution of road biking, transforming a simple mode of transportation into a high-performance machine. Through advancements in material sciences and aerodynamics, the sport explores all types of innovation to optimize performance. These engineering contributions have revolutionized both the bicycle itself and the sport of cycling, changing how the world views both today.
- [Beyond the Pitch: Technology's Role in Optimizing Player Health and Recovery](https://illumin.usc.edu/beyond-the-pitch/) - SocTech (Soccer Technology) encompasses any innovations that are made to enhance performance, fairness, and player safety. Goal-line technology and VAR (Video Assistant Referee) are two widely known SocTechs that promote fairness in the game. However, due to their semi-automation, they remain susceptible to being replaced. Emerging technologies that reduce manual errors now allow referees to track 7,000 to 10,000 points on each player at all times[1]. Moreover, SocTech has been heavily used in soccer training.For instance, virtual reality (VR) technology helps players improve reaction times and optimize decision-making by allowing them to repeatedly practice in-game situations without the risk of injury. Tests showed significant improvement, with pre-training scores of approximately 16 points increasing to 20 points post-training[2]. SocTech has also revolutionized health tracking with innovations like the Heart Rate Meter and the Accelerometer, helping players extend and optimize their careers.
- [How Malware Hides From You](https://illumin.usc.edu/how-malware-hides-from-you/) - Malware, or malicious software, infects target computers, injecting malicious instructions and compromising system integrity. Malware’s construction allows it to integrate malicious actions into legitimate software. Such malicious actions may let attackers steal passwords or damage sensitive data. Malware may be utilized on an individual level against users or on an organizational level against institutions or businesses, exemplified by the ransomware attacks against the University of California, San Francisco. While the specific infection mechanism varies greatly depending on the malware type, malware as a whole utilizes advanced software techniques to stay hidden from detection software. Simple methods like encryption obfuscate malware from traditional detection methods used by most anti-malware. More advanced techniques like polymorphism and metamorphism allow malware to manipulate itself to increase obfuscation, much like a biological virus. The ever-increasing complexity of malware heightens the importance of developing countermeasures to the growing problem. Users must also maintain vigilance and follow good computing practices to counter malware’s development.
- [Hacked: The overlooked and under-supported open source projects holding the Internet together](https://illumin.usc.edu/hacked-open-source-projects/) - Nearsightedness is a growing concern; however, new and innovative technologies now allow us to improve eyesight. In this article, we will explore corrective eye surgery, from how the eye works to how corrective eye surgeries are performed. Focusing on the latest advancement in laser eye surgery, Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE) is a quick procedure that allows people to correct their nearsightedness in the most minimally invasive way currently possible.
- [Editors' Note - Volume XXV Issue I](https://illumin.usc.edu/editors-note-volume-xxv-issue-i/) - Beneath the surface of everyday life lies a world of engineering and science that defines how we understand and engage with the world around us. From soccer and sound to ballet shoes and internet defenses, in this issue, come with us as we explore physics, design, and the impact of everyday engineering In Hacked: the
- [Starting to SMILE: A Look At The Newest Technology In Corrective Laser Eye Surgery](https://illumin.usc.edu/audio-testing/) - Nearsightedness is a growing concern; however, new and innovative technologies now allow us to improve eyesight. In this article, we will explore corrective eye surgery, from how the eye works to how corrective eye surgeries are performed. Focusing on the latest advancement in laser eye surgery, Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE) is a quick procedure that allows people to correct their nearsightedness in the most minimally invasive way currently possible.
- [Starting to SMILE: A Look At The Newest Technology In Corrective Laser Eye Surgery](https://illumin.usc.edu/starting-to-smile-a-look-at-the-newest-technology/) - Nearsightedness is a growing concern; however, new and innovative technologies now allow us to improve eyesight. In this article, we will explore corrective eye surgery, from how the eye works to how corrective eye surgeries are performed. Focusing on the latest advancement in laser eye surgery, Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE) is a quick procedure that allows people to correct their nearsightedness in the most minimally invasive way currently possible.
- [Transparent Wood](https://illumin.usc.edu/transparent-wood/) - Wood has played a central role in construction for centuries, offering strength, durability, and a natural aesthetic. However, while it has been primarily a structural material, a new approach could revolutionize the ways wood can be used. Transparent wood is a new variation formed by chemically removing the darker color component called lignin. The removal of only lignin allows transparent wood to retain most of the wood’s strength and durability with the added benefit of light transparency. Transparent wood’s inherent physical properties make it a compelling candidate to replace glass as a stronger and more thermal-insulating transparent material. As architects and builders seek eco-friendly solutions, the integration of transparent wood into buildings opens new avenues for energy-efficient designs and visually captivating structures, ushering in a new era in construction technology.
- [Engineering the Perfect Pool Shot: A Comprehensive Analysis](https://illumin.usc.edu/engineering-the-perfect-pool-shot/) - Tracing its historical roots from European monarchs to modern-day pool halls, pool is a common pastime across the globe. But behind the various versions are the same engineer designs and physical laws that rule the game. The essential equipment—tables, balls, cues, and chalk—all have been carefully engineered. Additionally, the physics behind collision, deflection, and rotation dynamics are crucial for mastering the game. With the appropriate physics, all can gain the knowledge to engineer the perfect pool shot.
- [Rock Skipping: A Unique Conduit to the Universe](https://illumin.usc.edu/rock-skipping-a-unique-conduit/) - The act of skipping a rock across a lake is not as simple as a casual observer might believe. The rock’s dancing motion is the result of complex dynamics that scientists are still struggling to understand. Empirical modeling published in the Journal of Fluid Mechanics suggests that to maximize the number of skips, a rock should be thrown at approximately a 20-degree attack angle. However, the world record holder for rock skipping, Kurt Steiner, does not use this approach; his throw of 88 skips was achieved with a 30-degree attack angle. This article explores why physicists might want to incorporate human factors, like Steiner’s awareness of nature and its properties, when they are trying to explain how the universe works.
- [Editors' Note - Volume XXIV Issue V](https://illumin.usc.edu/editors-note-volume-xxiv-issue-v/) - Beneath the surface of everyday life lies a world of engineering and science that defines how we understand and engage with the world around us. In this issue, we dive into innovations and insights that investigate the dynamics between nature, physics, and cutting-edge technology. Our first article, Rock Skipping: A Unique Conduit to the Universe,
- [Editors' Note - Volume XXIV Issue IV](https://illumin.usc.edu/editors-note-volume-xxiv-issue-iv/) - Behind our daily navigation and interactions is the technology taking us from place to place and connecting us in the growing digital landscape. In this issue, we explore developments in technology taking us from one place to the next – through movement, across the web, and through music. Our first article takes inspiration from ants,
- [Elevating Experiences: The Role of Escalators in Public Spaces](https://illumin.usc.edu/elevating-experiences-the-role-of-escalators-in-public-spaces/) - The evolution, mechanisms, technological advancements, layouts, and social implications of escalators are present in the public space driven by engineering ingenuity. The early prototypes with refinement over time highlight the iterative nature of technological progress. Technology and standardization are specific, and intricate, and require many moving components, safety features, and operational parameters that are overlooked. The influence of social dynamics escalators has reconstructed pedestrian behaviors, social etiquette, and movement. Ongoing future developments aid in energy efficiency and safety integral for the public space.
- [Navigation—Without the Human Hand](https://illumin.usc.edu/navigation-without-the-human-hand/) - This article explores the transformative potential of autonomous vehicles in urban life, highlighting how they can reduce traffic congestion, repurpose city spaces, and return commute time to individuals. It discusses the operational technology of autonomous vehicles, such as automotive sensors and real-time mapping algorithms, and outlines the challenges in achieving full automation. The societal impact, including public skepticism and incidents of distrust, is examined, emphasizing the need for building public confidence in autonomous technology. Ultimately, autonomous vehicles offer a promising future but require continued innovation and societal acceptance to be fully realized.
- [Browser Hardening: An Entry-Level Guide to Protect Digital Privacy](https://illumin.usc.edu/browser-hardening-an-entry-level-guide-to-protect-digital-privacy/) - Abstract Website tracking methods such as third-party cookies and browser fingerprints enable companies to secretly collect user data for advertising and profiling. While some data collection brings convenience, unconsented and excessive tracking threatens privacy. This paper explains how third-party cookies transfer information between websites and how fingerprinting uniquely identifies devices. To limit tracking, the paper
- [“Ant Colony Optimization”: Lessons in Transit Network Design from Ants](https://illumin.usc.edu/ant-colony-optimization-transit-network-design/) - American Public Transportation Sucks. Don’t worry, it’s not just you. For most Americans, public transportation is either inconvenient or entirely inaccessible. According to surveys conducted by the Department of Transportation, only 2% of Americans use public transit on their daily commute compared to an average of 10-20% in Western Europe. Additionally, a whopping 45% of
- [Dogs Smell Cancer? - The Canine Nose Sniffs Out New Methods in Cancer Detection Technology](https://illumin.usc.edu/dogs-smell-cancer-the-canine-nose-sniffs-out-new-methods-in-cancer-detection-technology/) - Abstract What happens when man’s best friend meets man’s worst enemy? Engineering efforts into canine scent detection have laid the groundwork for emerging disease diagnostic tools. A dog’s nose can sniff out cancerous organic compounds within a person. Olfactory screenings have revealed developments in cancer characterization that directly affect novel therapeutic approaches. The evolution of
- [Engineering Cinema: The Evolution of the Motion Picture Camera](https://illumin.usc.edu/engineering-cinema-the-evolution-of-the-motion-picture-camera/) - Abstract The motion picture camera lies at the center of the film industry, but what lies inside this seemingly trivial invention? This modern device has its origins set in the fifth century BCE with the camera obscura – a dark room where light enters through a single pinhole – which takes advantage of optics to
- [Shocking! – How Airplanes Defend Against Lightning](https://illumin.usc.edu/shocking-how-airplanes-defend-against-lightning/) - Keywords Airplane, Lightning Protection, Faraday Cage, Materials Engineering, Conduction, Weather Abstract When aircraft manufacturers began to transition from using metals to using composite materials, a new and significant flaw emerged in their designs – a deadly weakness to lightning. A series of passenger plane crashes resulted in the engineering of lightning strike protection (LSP)
- [How GPS Revolutionized Navigation](https://illumin.usc.edu/how-gps-revolutionized-navigation/) - Abstract The Global Positioning System (GPS) evolved from the limitations of Transit satellites. GPS uses satellite data for trilateration to determine our location. The signals emitted from satellites are very weak, and this makes receivers susceptible to GPS spoofing: tricking the receiver into believing it’s somewhere it isn’t. Alternatives are being developed to eliminate GPS
- [Engineering a Masterpiece: The Science of Fresco Painting](https://illumin.usc.edu/engineering-a-masterpiece-the-science-of-fresco-painting/) - Abstract: We often think of art and engineering as two distinct concepts – maybe even opposites. But the reality is that they are not mutually exclusive. In fact, in the world of fresco painting, chemistry and art intertwine to produce masterpieces that withstand the test of time and contribute to a rich global culture. The
- [Therapy-based Chatbot: The Savior of the Mental Health Crisis](https://illumin.usc.edu/therapy-based-chatbot-the-savior-of-the-mental-health-crisis/) - Abstract: The world is in a mental health crisis in which the number of people who need mental health services far exceeds the amount of people who are able to provide it. One way to address this issue is through the use of therapy-based chatbots. Modern therapy-based chatbots utilize a rule-based model, which is good
- [E-Ink Technology: the Secret Behind Kindle](https://illumin.usc.edu/e-ink-technology-the-secret-behind-kindle/) - E-Ink Technology: the Secret Behind Kindle Introduction Would you ever consider buying a new tablet if it was twice the price, half the reaction speed, and only a black-and-white display? The 12.9-inch iPad Pro with the latest M2 chip starts at $1099, and the regular 10.9-inch iPad (10th generation) starts at just $449. In
- [Red Light, Green Light](https://illumin.usc.edu/red-light-green-light/) - peeterv // Getty Images Abstract Traffic light sensors have an important role in guiding motor vehicles and pedestrians safely to their destinations while also clearing traffic congestion as efficiently as possible. As roadway vehicles are the primary source of transportation in nearly every country, many engineers and scientists have come together to create various
- [Engineering Healthy Silence: Using Noise-Cancelling Headphones to Block Harmful Sound](https://illumin.usc.edu/engineering-healthy-silence-using-noise-cancelling-headphones-to-block-harmful-sound/) - Abstract Long-term exposure to rising environmental noise levels has detrimental health impacts. Active-noise cancellation (ANC), specifically ANC headphones, may provide a solution to alleviate the effects of noise on our lives. ANC employs a principle called superposition to add and effectively cancel two sound waves. ANC technology relies on digital signal processing, which processes
- [Crushing the Sound Barrier](https://illumin.usc.edu/crushing-the-sound-barrier/) - Introduction Imagine taking off from the airport and flying across the world in one or two hours instead of twenty. This goal has inspired some of the most tantalizing innovations in the modern age. The thrill of seeing a fighter jet take off and zoom across the sky, disappearing over the horizon in a
- [Scent Technologies: The Good, the Bad, and the Stinky](https://illumin.usc.edu/scent-technologies-the-good-the-bad-and-the-stinky/) - Abstract Olfaction, or our sense of smell, is one of the least explored human senses. Despite this, many scents seem universal: burnt popcorn, spoiled milk, or a freshly-baked cookie. When we smell something, small chemicals reach the olfactory neurons in our nasal cavities from one of two paths: either directly through our nose or from
- [Editors' Note - Volume XXIV Issue II](https://illumin.usc.edu/editors-note-volume-xxiii-issue-ii/) - Understanding the way we interact with engineering in our lives starts with how we perceive it– through our senses. In this issue, dive deep into the human senses with five impressive articles surrounding the use of touch, sound, and sight. Our first article, The Powers of Melanin, showcases the unique chemical structure of melanin–
- [Careful Where You Click! How Social Media is Made With You in Mind](https://illumin.usc.edu/careful-where-you-click-how-social-media-is-made-with-you-in-mind/) - Abstract As the basis of app design, User Interface User Experience (UI/UX) is aimed to make platforms appealing to users. The UI/UX design of a social media app plays a significant role in attracting and retaining users, and even influencing their behavior. For this reason, much of UI/UX is based on psychological principles, such as
- [Shall We Play A Game: The Story of Deep Blue](https://illumin.usc.edu/shall-we-play-a-game-the-story-of-deep-blue/) - Abstract. Deep Blue was a chess computer built by IBM in the late 20th century. Its development and victory against world chess champion Garry Kasparov was a landmark achievement in the field of computer science. The creation of a machine that had surpassed humanity’s ability to play chess well could only be possible through many
- [Algorithmic Symphonies: How Spotify Strikes the Right Chord](https://illumin.usc.edu/algorithmic-symphonies-how-spotify-strikes-the-right-chord/) - Abstract: This article explores Spotify's recommendation algorithm, including how it has revolutionized the music industry, and the machine learning techniques it uses, such as collaborative filtering, hybrid recommendation, and feedback loops. Through a discussion regarding the importance of data collection and the role it plays in the success of Spotify's algorithm, the implications of advanced
- [Perception and Vision: The Keys to Unlocking Our World](https://illumin.usc.edu/perception-and-vision-the-keys-to-unlocking-our-world/) - Introduction Think about what you were doing twenty minutes ago. Perhaps you were walking from class to class on your college campus and saying “hi” to friends as you saw them walk by. Maybe you were playing basketball at the gym and perfecting your three-pointer. Or maybe you were replying to some important emails on
- [Security Through Abstraction](https://illumin.usc.edu/security-through-abstraction/) - It’s the weekend after Black Friday. You spontaneously remember that you forgot to find a Christmas gift for your best friend. Inspiration strikes. Your friend is part of the record hobby revival trend. To be sure that your gift arrives on time, you scramble to your laptop, enter your credit card information, and order the
- [V2G: How Electric Vehicles Can Save Solar](https://illumin.usc.edu/v2g-how-electric-vehicles-can-save-solar/) - Abstract: The electric grid has recently been under duress. While lots of electricity is generated in the afternoon, demand is higher in the evening as people turn on their high-energy appliances. This problem has been worsened by extreme weather and the rise of solar energy. As millions of electric cars hit the roads, researchers have
- [Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? A Look Into Google's DeepDream](https://illumin.usc.edu/do-androids-dream-of-electric-sheep-a-look-into-googles-deepdream/) - Do androids dream of electric sheep? The answer lies within Google's new image recognition algorithm, DeepDream. While the algorithm is more generally used to identify objects in images, it can also be used to give images a “dreamy” makeover. To fully understand what DeepDream is, and how it gives images these bizarre makeovers, we must
- [Netflix’s Recommendation Systems: Entertainment Made for You](https://illumin.usc.edu/netflixs-recommendation-systems-entertainment-made-for-you/) - Abstract Netflix is the world’s number one streaming platform with more than 200 million paid monthly subscribers in 2021. In its mission to entertain the masses, Netflix has a secret weapon: its recommendation system, which curates user specific content from Netflix's massive media library for every single one of its 200 million users. Humans can
- [From Curbs to Code: Using Modern Digital Technology to Confront Homelessness](https://illumin.usc.edu/from-curbs-to-code-using-modern-digital-technology-to-confront-homelessness/) - When asked about the connotation of words such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and blockchain, most would point to lofty, technical, and even futuristic concepts: Robotics. Self-driving cars. Cryptocurrency. For the most part, these highly functioning digital technologies are considered to be designed for the advanced, by the advanced, with the purpose of breaking the
- [Quantum Dots and Your Vacation: Illuminating the Virtual Reality Displays of the Future](https://illumin.usc.edu/quantum-dots-and-your-vacation-illuminating-the-virtual-reality-displays-of-the-future/) - Key Words: Quantum Dot Display | Quantum Dot Light Emitting Diode | Virtual Reality | Semiconductors | Abstract: Quantum mechanics is often perceived as a theoretical science that is outside the scope of our everyday lives. However, it is the driving factor behind the creation of semiconductor materials that allow for increasingly accurate virtual
- [The Quiet Eye](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-quiet-eye/) - Physical Training in Athletes Professional athletes are seen as the epitome of excellence in sports. To reach such status, athletes train for years, sacrificing family time, holidays, and many other monumental memories. They test their bodies by pushing themselves to their physical limits. Michael Jordan, a legendary basketball player, was known to start his training
- [Analog Computers: Looking to the Past for the Future of Computing](https://illumin.usc.edu/analog-computers-looking-to-the-past-for-the-future-of-computing/) - Abstract Although computers have made great jumps in efficiency and speed in the past several decades, recent developments in machine learning and artificial intelligence applications are increasingly challenging the efficiency of powerful computers. The tremendous pressure in the computer hardware industry to significantly improve performance with each new generation of computer chips has traditionally followed
- [Manipulating the Intangible: Modern Advancements in Dream Engineering](https://illumin.usc.edu/manipulating-the-intangible-modern-advancements-in-dream-engineering/) - Abstract There’s a lot of research built around the field of sleep, such as the role it plays for our body from a biological standpoint (i.e. regulating metabolism, flushing out toxin build-up in the brain, consolidating learning and memory). However, one essential part of sleep is not discussed as widely as it should be: dreams.
- [Swipe By Color? — The Pitfalls of Online Dating for Women of Color](https://illumin.usc.edu/swipe-by-color-the-pitfalls-of-online-dating-for-women-of-color/) - Abstract: In the technological age, most of a person’s daily life can be completed through their device, including dating. Apps such as Tinder, Hinge, and Bumble allow people to connect, but for people of color, especially women, the already difficult dating landscape has acquired a new dimension. The racism, sexism, and overall discrimination they face
- [The SR -71 Blackbird: An Engineering Headache of Supersonic Speed](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-sr-71-blackbird-an-engineering-headache-of-supersonic-speed/) - Abstract The SR-71 “Blackbird” was a Strategic Reconnaissance aircraft designed in the late 1950’s and built in the early 1960’s [2]. It was born out of a necessity for high performance and stealth as Soviet Union missile technology began to threaten the safety of United States Air Force pilots working in intelligence acquisition [2]. Engineers
- [Touch Screens: How our devices moved beyond buttons](https://illumin.usc.edu/touch-screens-how-our-devices-moved-beyond-buttons/) - If your phone is anything like most phones these days, it probably has four buttons, and I could probably name them all, regardless of model or manufacture. Volume up, volume down, silent mode, and lock. Four buttons is not a lot to work with, yet your phone is capable of a lot more than four
- [Statement on Use of Generative AI Tools in Illumin Magazine](https://illumin.usc.edu/ai-policy/) - To our readers, With the rise of powerful AI text and image generation tools such as OpenAI’s Chat-GPT and DALL-E, many media organizations are grappling with how these tools should or should not be incorporated into their content. In this light, we at Illumin believe that it’s important to present some basic rules on how
- [Editors' Note - Volume XXIII Issue I](https://illumin.usc.edu/editorsnote/) - At Illumin, engineering forms the foundation of our publishing efforts. While it may not always be readily noticeable in our daily lives, like cars on the road or satellites in the sky- engineering can be found in a variety of forms. Our latest issue, 23.1, delves into the engineering marvels present within the artistic world
- [Seeing is Not Believing: How Your Eyes are Tricked by CGI](https://illumin.usc.edu/seeing-is-not-believing-how-your-eyes-are-tricked-by-cgi/) - Abstract: The engineering aspect of computer-generated imagery (CGI) is a cross-disciplined area involving computer science, physics, and mathematics. The verisimilitude of CGI is often achieved by various techniques that lead to our amazement. I will introduce four commonly used techniques in CGI production: ray-tracing, physics-based animation, randomized noise, and machine learning, as well as show
- [From Astronauts to Actors: Simulating Zero-Gravity in Film](https://illumin.usc.edu/from-astronauts-to-actors-simulating-zero-gravity-in-film/) - Abstract Space films are often praised for being visually stunning and thought provoking, with a strong emphasis on realism and scientific accuracy. Part of the magic of these films are zero-gravity scenes that add to the immersive experience of the story. Simulating zero gravity is difficult, and the methods used today were inspired by NASA’s
- [How to Build a Dragon](https://illumin.usc.edu/how-to-build-a-dragon/) - Abstract Dating back to the late 1800s, visual effects have long fooled film and television audiences. Modern filmmakers and VFX engineers have since taken the industry to new heights, with the Game of Thrones franchise breaking new ground with its digital implementation of three lifelike dragons. The intensive dragon-engineering process spanned a number of disciplines,
- [JPEG: The Timeless Insights that Make Us Still Use a Format from 1992](https://illumin.usc.edu/jpeg-the-timeless-insights-that-make-us-still-use-a-format-from-1992/) - Abstract It is easy to see how today’s media-rich internet runs on the JPEG algorithm just by seeing how many image file names end in “.jpeg”. Since JPEG is decades old, the fact that our internet still uses it should be strange. However, this testifies to how monumental the JPEG algorithm has been, and it
- [Applications of Technology in Fashion Trend Forecasting](https://illumin.usc.edu/applications-of-technology-in-fashion-trend-forecasting/) - Each season, we see new fashion trends emerge. Recently in women’s fashion, we’ve seen bright bags, mini skirts, and low-rise pants return to the spotlight. These items were also in style in the 90s and early 2000s but were deemed gauche by the late 2000s. Who, or what, decides these changes in popularity? Multiple factors
- [Are Plants Stronger Than Rocks? How Living Shorelines Can Protect Against Rising Seas](https://illumin.usc.edu/are-plants-stronger-than-rocks-how-living-shorelines-can-protect-against-rising-seas/) - Abstract As global temperatures rise to record highs, one major consequence our planet must face is increasing sea levels. Rising seas threaten coastal communities and small islands through erosion of their land. To prevent further damage, engineers are experimenting with various defense methods such as building large structures and planting vegetation. Man-made defenses, such as
- [Diverting Away from the Steel Age: Metallurgy Reimagined in the Context of the Climate Crisis](https://illumin.usc.edu/diverting-away-from-the-steel-age-metallurgy-reimagined-in-the-context-of-the-climate-crisis/) - Abstract Steel is an integral part of society, having countless purposes ranging from being the building materials for buildings in our cities to the kitchen forks on our dinner tables. While its relevance emphasizes the dire need to include steel in the future of the modern world, the production process emits an immense amount of
- [To the Beginning of Time: NASA’s Journey to Uncovering the Past](https://illumin.usc.edu/to-the-beginning-of-time-nasas-journey-to-uncovering-the-past/) - Abstract The evolution of orbital observatories has and will shape the way we learn about the universe. Ever-increasing improvements in space flight and the advancement of instruments and technology have led NASA to many groundbreaking developments and discoveries. Discussing three of NASA’s many orbital observatories, the evolution of these space vehicles over the decades has
- [Volleyball Design and How Volleyball Designs Affect the Game](https://illumin.usc.edu/volleyball-design-and-how-volleyball-designs-affect-the-game/) - Abstract The design of the volleyball has had many iterations over the years since its creation. The evolution of the ball is not simply an aesthetic change. Traditional volleyballs have six distinct panels and a smooth synthetic leather surface and are still widely used and produced. Newer volleyballs utilize rougher surfaces such as the hexagonal
- [Spicy Science: How to Defeat Capsaicin](https://illumin.usc.edu/spicy-science-how-to-defeat-capsaicin/) - Abstract Chili peppers can be found everywhere, incorporated into colorful dishes across continents and around the world. They have also been analyzed by scientists in various ways: the factors that influence the degree of pungency, the evolutionary theories behind their spicy nature, ways to measure their spiciness levels, how humans detect their spiciness, and effective
- [NFTs: 6-Figure Cat GIFs and The Identity of the Future](https://illumin.usc.edu/nfts-6-figure-cat-gifs-and-the-identity-of-the-future/) - Abstract NFTs, which stands for Non-Fungible Tokens, have seen explosive growth in recent years for their involvement in the exchange of expensive digital items. However, it is important to note that NFTs are not a currency. Instead, they are tokens that can represent any virtual good and prove their uniqueness and authenticity. Therefore, these tokens
- [The Magic of Scanning: Science Behind the QR Code](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-magic-of-scanning-science-behind-the-qr-code/) - Abstract A QR code has two dimensions that can support different kinds of data. Numeric data, alphanumeric characters, and Kanji are the three main data types. The components of the QR code include indicators and data code. The QR code has many applications in our life, such as payment, product packaging, and advertising. Because of
- [Texting Money: How Did Contactless Payment Tap into Existence?](https://illumin.usc.edu/texting-money-how-did-contactless-payment-tap-into-existence/) - Abstract As an integrated civilization, we have long sought a cashless society in which sophisticated technological advancements help prevent financial fraud. While the conservative banking industry constantly weighed the cost of production and maintenance against consumers’ unceasing demand for more expediency and security, payment cards evolved from stripes to chips and eventually into contactless cards,
- [Stay In Your Lane: The Optical Phenomenon Of Retroreflection](https://illumin.usc.edu/stay-in-your-lane-the-optical-phenomenon-of-retroreflection/) - Abstract We encounter retroreflective materials every single day: at street corners, on crosswalks, and almost anywhere that cars can go. They mostly go unnoticed during the day, but under the cover of darkness, the roads become an optical playground. Light on the road is designed to go back towards the direction from which it came
- [Say Bye Bye Bye to Headphone Wires](https://illumin.usc.edu/say-bye-bye-bye-to-headphone-wires/) - Abstract The development of Bluetooth technology has had a revolutionary effect on simplifying everyone’s lives, erasing the need for wires. When this concept was first introduced, engineers recognized that this technology could be applied to a variety of devices. From there, they tested it on headphones, ultimately transforming the technology as a whole. Wireless headphones
- [UPSET: Triggering Natural Cell Death in Cancer](https://illumin.usc.edu/upset-triggering-natural-cell-death-in-cancer/) - [fusion_builder_container hundred_percent="no" equal_height_columns="no" menu_anchor="" hide_on_mobile="small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility" class="" id="" background_color="" background_image="" background_position="center center" background_repeat="no-repeat" fade="no" background_parallax="none" parallax_speed="0.3" video_mp4="" video_webm="" video_ogv="" video_url="" video_aspect_ratio="16:9" video_loop="yes" video_mute="yes" overlay_color="" video_preview_image="" border_size="" border_color="" border_style="solid" padding_top="" padding_bottom="" padding_left="" padding_right=""][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type="1_1" layout="1_1" background_position="left top" background_color="" border_size="" border_color="" border_style="solid" border_position="all" spacing="yes" background_image="" background_repeat="no-repeat" padding_top="" padding_right="" padding_bottom="" padding_left="" margin_top="0px" margin_bottom="0px" class="" id="" animation_type="" animation_speed="0.3" animation_direction="left" hide_on_mobile="small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility"
- [The Graphical Fidelity of Video Games & Animated Films](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-graphical-fidelity-of-video-games-animated-films/) - Abstract: Throughout history, movies and games have had different expectations of them. Movies are expected to have gorgeous visual effects, and graphics are expected to look picture perfect. On the other hand, games have always been expected to have smooth, consistent gameplay. Recent advancements in the development of real-time rendering techniques have opened the possibility
- [From a Swipe to a Soulmate – the Power of Online Dating](https://illumin.usc.edu/from-a-swipe-to-a-soulmate-the-power-of-online-dating/) - Abstract The advent of technology has reconfigured the way humans interact and form relationships. The democratization of digital dating technology has transformed complex courting processes into simple swipes and text messages. However, the majority of users are unaware of the internal rating system that assigns a “desirability” score for each user, which some argue
- [A New Reality](https://illumin.usc.edu/a-new-reality/) - Introduction In mid-2016, much of the world got its first taste of augmented reality (AR) in the form of the wildly popular mobile game Pokemon Go. For weeks, people came together to explore the communities around them in the hopes of catching creatures called Pokemon, filling up once empty parks and other public areas with
- [Deepfakes: Fooling Humans with Artificial Intelligence](https://illumin.usc.edu/deepfakes-fooling-humans-with-artificial-intelligence/) - Abstract The recent advances in artificial intelligence have given birth to a new kind of fraud: Deepfakes are media manipulated to portray a person as performing an action they did not actually perform. Their use has been primarily malicious, including political misinformation and the creation of fake celebrity porn. Deepfakes are becoming easier to generate
- [Harnessing the Power of Waves](https://illumin.usc.edu/harnessing-the-power-of-waves/) - As fossil fuels become less viable as a long-term energy solution and the effects of global warming continue to worsen, new renewable energy solutions are in high demand. Solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal energies are now extremely popular and produce significant amounts of the world’s energy resources. Another budding form of renewable energy is ocean
- [Engineering Reef Resiliency with CRISPR Gene Editing to Counter Climate Change](https://illumin.usc.edu/engineering-reef-resiliency-with-crispr-gene-editing-to-counter-climate-change/) - Abstract Coral reef ecosystems have been suffering from the consequences of climate change. Coral bleaching, a result of warming ocean temperatures, has caused a mass die-off of coral reefs around the world, emphasizing the importance of protecting coral reefs to save marine ecosystems and coastal societies. Engineers have been experimenting with CRISPR/Cas9, gene-editing technology, in
- [Employing Biomimetic Architecture to Link Buildings with the Natural World](https://illumin.usc.edu/employing-biomimetic-architecture-to-link-buildings-with-the-natural-world/) - Abstract A building is a living structure. It protects its occupants, regulates heating and air, and conducts other processes to interact with the natural world. Architects have started to design buildings with this in mind, taking inspiration from the diverse flora and fauna of the planet which evolved to interact and benefit from their environment.
- [Recycling: Breaking it Down](https://illumin.usc.edu/recycling-breaking-it-down/) - Abstract The blue recycling bins that we throw our cardboard and plastics away in have made recycling extremely convenient, but what actually happens to the materials we put in these bins? First, the mixture of materials must be sorted using a combination of manual and automated processes. Relying on the laws of physics, the machines
- [Biophilic Cities: Good for Both Environmental Health and Human Health](https://illumin.usc.edu/biophilic-cities-good-for-both-environmental-health-and-human-health/) - Abstract Biophilic cities try to reconnect people with nature, which is something many urban cities currently lack. Singapore is actively implementing many features of biophilic design in order to bring its residents more in touch with nature, just as it has been doing since it gained independence. Through a variety of different design techniques, engineers
- [Augmented Reality: The Sustainable Future of Cosmetic Sampling](https://illumin.usc.edu/augmented-reality-the-sustainable-future-of-cosmetic-sampling/) - Abstract Innovations in technology are rapidly changing the face of the beauty industry. One such technology is Augmented Reality (AR) in the realm of beauty sampling. By harnessing AR technology in the beauty sector, we can minimize the cost and waste associated with physical samples and increase on-demand experimentation for a more environmentally sustainable future
- [Unorthodox and Recycled Materials – The Architecture of the Future](https://illumin.usc.edu/unorthodox-and-recycled-materials-the-architecture-of-the-future/) - Abstract Waste from construction and demolition debris experienced a 420 percent spike between 2005 and 2017 [1]. To minimize the built environment’s negative impacts, architects and engineers can manipulate the rules of conventional construction to replace ordinary materials with recycled ones. Through the lens of conventional masonry construction, industry professionals can replace bricks with recycled
- [Reduce, Reuse, Recycle with the Reverse Vending Machine](https://illumin.usc.edu/reduce-reuse-recycle-with-the-reverse-vending-machine/) - Abstract The reverse vending machine offers an alternative way to recycle bottled containers in an efficient, convenient, and incentivizing way. This mechanism is easy to manage, conveniently placed, efficient, and resourceful at recycling. Due to its simplistic process and positive intention of helping the environment, the reverse vending machine is becoming popularized worldwide. What Are
- [The Future of Surfing](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-future-of-surfing/) - Introduction Surfing. When you hear that word, what comes to mind? You might think of a guy on a surfboard speeding down the face of a monstrous sixty-foot wave, an aged Hawaiian man paddling into the sunset, a smiling Bethany Hamilton holding her surfboard, or maybe even the Beach Boys. The general sentiment towards
- [Serving up Some Knowledge: The Physics of Tennis](https://illumin.usc.edu/serving-up-some-knowledge-the-physics-of-tennis/) - Abstract The shots of a professional tennis player may look like magic, seemingly defying the laws of science before your eyes. But it all becomes much simpler when you understand the physics behind tennis. This article focuses on the generation of spin on a tennis ball, how to maximize the power of a shot, and
- [Cotton Candy: Carnival Snack to Medical Wonder](https://illumin.usc.edu/cotton-candy-carnival-snack-to-medical-wonder/) - Many people know that cotton candy is made from sugar. They may not know, however, this fun carnival treat's colorful history. Cotton candy has been used in many different ways since its properties have become known in greater detail. Melting and spinning sugar, for one, results in a delicious dessert: using chemistry and physics, engineers
- [The Frisbee](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-frisbee/) - The Frisbee, generally held to be a simple toy for children, was invented and refined in the late nineteenth century. Although it has grown in popularity since then, its general design, and thus the technique for its use, have remained fairly constant. The flight of a Frisbee is allowed and governed by the principles of
- [Engineering a Smooth Ride: Creating the Perfect Ski Through Shaping and Vibration Damping](https://illumin.usc.edu/engineering-a-smooth-ride-creating-the-perfect-ski-through-shaping-and-vibration-damping/) - Although snow skis appear to be very basic products, the engineering behind them is surprisingly involved. The type of skiing and type of snow conditions dictate the required ski geometry. Avid skiers have longed for a high-performance, all-around ski. Vibration caused by high speeds and tough terrain has been a significant problem faced by engineers
- [The Chemistry Behind Moisturizers](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-chemistry-behind-moisturizers/) - The skin is a complex organ with many layers. Its structure is designed to minimize moisture loss from the body while preventing foreign materials from entering. To accomplish these functions, the skin must have a protective covering of lipids, or oil-soluble molecules. Exposure to everyday conditions can strip the skin of its protective lipid covering.
- [Inside a Slot Machine](https://illumin.usc.edu/inside-a-slot-machine/) - Gambling is a billion dollar industry that attracts millions of people around the world. While games such as Texas Hold ‘Em poker receive more fanfare, by far the most profitable and available attraction in these casinos is the slot machine. While familiar in appearance, these devices are a mystery to the layperson. Dating back to
- [Man vs. Machine: Testing Machine Learning through Playing Video Games](https://illumin.usc.edu/man-vs-machine-testing-machine-learning-through-playing-video-games/) - Written by: Vicky Hui Competitive AI systems beat the best human players in chess, “Go,” checkers, and poker [1]. Over the last decade, innovation in AI learning has enabled computers to navigate more complex and chaotic problems in the real world, through soft-coded systems and reinforcement learning. Most recently, this has been exhibited in the
- [Uncovering the Secrets of the Mariana Trench](https://illumin.usc.edu/uncovering-the-secrets-of-the-mariana-trench/) - In March 2012, James Cameron became the third person in history to dive to the bottom of the Mariana Trench, the lowest point on earth. The conditions in the bottom of the ocean are very harsh due to intense hydrostatic pressures and a lack of light. Nevertheless, deep sea diving allows us to study the
- [Engineering Gave the World More Tofu](https://illumin.usc.edu/engineering-gave-the-world-more-tofu/) - When you look at a block of tofu, one may wonder how the white, spongy mass was made or even why. Although tofu has been around for hundreds of years, it was not until the 21st century that the process started to become mechanized. Seeing as that the process was traditionally both labor and time
- [Dealing With Our Bacterial Neighbors: Engineering Deodorants and Antiperspirants to Prevent Malodor](https://illumin.usc.edu/dealing-with-our-bacterial-neighbors-engineering-deodorants-and-antiperspirants-to-prevent-malodor/) - This paper investigates the physiological production of sweat, and how humans have developed strategies involving deodorants and antiperspirants to prevent the bacteria in our body from producing foul-odor chemicals. Well-known mechanisms of sweat production, from eccrine and apocrine glands, are described to introduce the topic. Biochemical explanations of the four main production pathways axillary bacteria
- [Engineering Ice Cream](https://illumin.usc.edu/engineering-ice-cream/) - When you put a spoonful of your favorite ice cream into your mouth, you are enraptured by blasts of flavor, its creamy texture, and coolness on your tongue. Ice cream makers have the same qualities in mind when they are formulating the recipe to their next frozen creation. But, more specifically they are mulling over
- [From Shark Skin to Speed](https://illumin.usc.edu/from-shark-skin-to-speed/) - Sharks inspire a feeling of awe in many people, partly due to their natural speed and representation of power. Through modern biomimicry, scientists have been able to imitate shark skin and design speed-enhancing technologies to benefit transportation, medicine, and apparel design. Introduction When visiting a local aquarium, there is no lack of spectacles that may
- [To Float or Not to Float?](https://illumin.usc.edu/to-float-or-not-to-float/) - Abstract Norway is a Northern European country made up of thousands of fjords— expanses of water often surrounded by steep cliffs. For more than a century, the country has been using a combination of road, rail, and ferry crossings to span the trail from southern to northern Norway, a trip that takes over 20 hours
- [Cracks Won't Break Your Mother's Back: Self-Healing Concrete](https://illumin.usc.edu/crack-is-whack-self-healing-concrete/) - Concrete cracks for many reasons: thermal expansion or contraction, applied loads, and even earthquakes can fracture the concrete in roads, structures, and more. In particular, cracks in load-bearing elements, like concrete columns and beams, have the potential to create serious instability problems. To avoid expensive repairs—or even reconstruction—of compromised structures, engineers have worked to design
- [How You Can Vacation on Mars Without Rockets](https://illumin.usc.edu/how-you-can-vacation-on-mars-without-rockets-2/) - Abstract A concept called the skyhook might revolutionize the way humans travel in space very soon. Functioning as cables thousands of kilometers (km) long that orbit the Earth, the skyhook can latch onto outbound spacecrafts at the edge of Earth’s atmosphere and move them away along the cable, bypassing the immense energy that it takes
- [The Websites Have Ears: Tracking and Privacy on the Internet](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-websites-have-ears-tracking-and-privacy-on-the-internet/) - Abstract Much of what we do online is tracked. But how? There are two major web tracking techniques: cookies and browser fingerprinting. Cookies, which are data stored in a user’s browser by a website, come in the form of first-party and third-party cookies.First-party cookies, which compensate for weaknesses in how the internet is designed, are
- [Algorithmic Art: Beyond the Artist](https://illumin.usc.edu/algorithmic-art-beyond-the-artist/) - Abstract Algorithmic art is on the rise, and it’s expanding our conception of technology and art. Programmers are creating new programs to generate unique visual masterpieces that are beyond their own imaginations. With the use of evolutionary, mathematical, and artificial intelligence algorithms, programmers are bringing computers into the forefront of contemporary art. Introduction What do
- [How the Presidential Election Gave us the Technology to Plot the First Down Line in Football](https://illumin.usc.edu/how-the-presidential-election-gave-us-the-technology-to-plot-the-first-down-line-in-football/) - Abstract Football games and other sports broadcasts require a lot of information to help viewers understand what is happening as well as enhance their enjoyment of the game. A key portion of displaying this information comes from character generation (CG) graphics that are created during the live broadcast to display game scores and highlight important
- [Circus Babies: The Past, Present, and Future of the Neonatal Incubator](https://illumin.usc.edu/circus-babies-the-past-present-and-future-of-the-neonatal-incubator/) - Abstract The introduction and mainstream development of infant incubators has significantly impacted the life expectancy of babies that are born as early as 24 weeks into a pregnancy [1]. Despite the high infant mortality rate in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many medical professionals were hesitant to adopt incubator technology until Martin Couney,
- [3D Printed Organs](https://illumin.usc.edu/3d-printed-organs/) - The field of tissue engineering has allowed developments in 3D printing organic parts and materials. 3D printing has become a widely popular means of manufacturing over the past decade, combining ease of design on a computer with fast production of custom parts. In regards to tissue engineering, these advantages have staggering implications in terms of
- [To Hear or Not to Hear](https://illumin.usc.edu/to-hear-or-not-to-hear/) - Abstract As the world seems to be getting louder and louder, noise-canceling headphones could be the potential answer to tuning noise out in many different situations. Born from the dissatisfaction of regular passive noise-reduction headphones, noise-canceling headphones utilize an internal speaker that actively produces a sound wave equal and opposite to that of external noise,
- [SpectOCULAR: Using Smart Contacts to Improve Disease Diagnosis and Treatment](https://illumin.usc.edu/spectocular-using-smart-contacts-to-improve-disease-diagnosis-and-treatment/) - Abstract Smart contacts are one of the newest platforms for smart technology. They couple a compact wearable device with equipment for health diagnostics and drug delivery, optimizing both the existing infrastructures of ophthalmology and general medicine. Smart contacts already have a wide potential customer base in patients who want improved quality of life and real-time
- [Holograms: Blurring the Lines of Reality](https://illumin.usc.edu/holograms-blurring-the-lines-of-reality/) - Abstract First appearing in popular movies like Star Wars, the idea of 3D holograms captured and confused the world. While the idea was born over seventy years ago, it wasn’t until recent advances in technology that holograms transitioned from the fantasy world of the movies to real life. In fact, 3D holograms are so prevalent
- [Fireworks Forever: The Story and Engineering of Fireworks](https://illumin.usc.edu/fireworks-forever-the-story-and-engineering-of-fireworks/) - Abstract When you look at a firework sparkling in the night sky, you may wonder how this phenomenon occurs or how fireworks became a staple for special occasions. The creation of the modern firework underwent much experimentation to become the spectacle it is today. With gunpowder, fire, and “stars,” fireworks can range from sparklers to
- [The Piano: Scales of Engineering with a Note of Artistry](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-piano-scales-of-engineering-with-a-note-of-artistry/) - (Traumerei – Schumann playing in the background: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHlfNYY1YIY) Sixty thousand pounds is the weight of five fully-grown elephants and the amount of force contained within a concert grand piano. [1] Although it's been around for over three centuries, the piano has evolved into one of the most versatile and complex instruments ever. It is the
- [Setting the Curve: The Magnus Effect and its Applications](https://illumin.usc.edu/setting-the-curve-the-magnus-effect-and-its-applications/) - Introduction Throughout our daily lives, there are elements of design and engineering all around us, most of which go completely unnoticed. Whether it’s the chair you’re sitting on, your favorite pen, or the individual bricks in a building, they all needed to be engineered and designed to function. However, just because something goes unnoticed doesn’t
- [Expanding (an Elevator’s) Horizons](https://illumin.usc.edu/3077-2/) - Introduction: In the 2005 movie rendition of “Charlie and the Chocolate Factory,” five golden ticket guests were given a special tour of the factory. During the second half of the tour, they enter an elevator that Willy Wonka introduces by saying, “This isn’t just an ordinary up and down elevator. It can go sideways, longways,
- [Repetition is catching on](https://illumin.usc.edu/repetition-is-catching-on/) - INTRODUCTION Just a year ago, the world’s radio waves were flooded with the chants of “Gucci Gang”, a viral sensation by Soundcloud rapper Lil Pump. With a runtime of just 2:04, it was the shortest song to ever hit the top of the Billboard Top 100 since 1975, a whole 42 years earlier [1]. Even
- [Rising Above Agricultural  Challenges with Vertical Farming](https://illumin.usc.edu/rising-above-agricultural-challenges-with-vertical-farming/) - Written by: Tina (Hyunsu) Ryu About the Author: Tina is a senior majoring in computer science games. Before moving to California, she lived in Ohio and South Korea. After graduation, she hopes to go abroad to become a digital nomad! Abstract The conventional agricultural system fails to keep up with the expanding population as it
- [Are Your Headphones 3D Enough?](https://illumin.usc.edu/are-your-headphones-3d-enough/) - Written by: Lauren Lawson About the Author: Lauren is a junior at USC, studying biomedical engineering. In her free time she volunteers for the Make-A-Wish USC chapter, participates in the executive boards of multiple on-campus organizations, and is in Alpha Gamma Delta. Introduction Imagine the ultimate headphone experience: just like listening to your favorite song
- [A Stroke of Genius: Neurorehabilitation through Virtual Reality](https://illumin.usc.edu/a-stroke-of-genius-neurorehabilitation-through-virtual-reality/) - Written by: Annie Lee About the Author: Annie Lee is an undergraduate student at the University of Southern California pursuing a progressive Bachelor’s to Master’s Degree in Occupational Therapy. Abstract The aim of physical stroke rehabilitation is to improve motor function in paralyzed or semi-paralyzed limbs. Although the problem is physical, it begins with the
- [The Making of Mario in 3D](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-making-of-mario-in-3d/) - Written by: Rohan Tulsiani About the Author: Rohan Tulsiani is a 21-year-old undergraduate Computer Science student at the University of Southern California. Rohan works as a Teacher Assistant for ITP485, which is USC’s undergraduate Game Engine class. Abstract With the advent of Virtual Reality and other major advances in the field of computer graphics, video
- [EE-101: Intro to Emoji Engineering](https://illumin.usc.edu/ee-101-intro-to-emoji-engineering/) - Written by: Rajan Paul About the Author: Rajan is a junior studying Electrical Engineering at the University of Southern California. His interests include beekeeping, ethnic cuisine, and travel. Rajan hopes to combine his hobbies and education into developing a smart beehive that will help save the bees. Abstract Emojis have officially entered into the realm
- [Bottling the Problem: Drinking Water](https://illumin.usc.edu/bottling-the-problem-drinking-water/) - Written by: Augustine Au Augustine is a junior studying Business Administration at the University of Southern California. He is passionate about entrepreneurship and aspires to use his knowledge to positively impact his community. Abstract The development of bottled drinking water has revolutionized the way in which the world has acquired and consumed water. This article
- [The Role of Hyperloop in Transportation Innovation](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-role-of-hyperloop-in-transportation-innovation/) - Written by: Patrick Hennessey With every improvement to transportation, the world feels a little smaller, and people become more connected. Some of the world’s greatest inventions have been in the field of transportation, but we haven’t had a major innovation in over a century- a new system is long overdue. This article will explore the
- [The “Aero-Position”: Why Cyclists Study Aerodynamics](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-aero-position-why-cyclists-study-aerodynamics/) - Written by: Riley Walch Riley Walch is a junior studying Mechanical Engineering at the University of Southern California. He has interests in the intersection of the human body and engineering and hopes to turn this curiosity into a career, upon graduation. Abstract Greg LeMond’s 1989 Tour de France victory, aided by research-driven cycling advancements, marked
- [On-Screen Graphics and Their Impact on Sports](https://illumin.usc.edu/on-screen-graphics-and-their-impact-on-sports/) - Abstract Since the mid 90’s, networks have projected virtual graphics onto the field during sporting events for at-home viewers; the most successful example is the 1st and Ten yellow line system used in football. By providing the audience with important information without distracting from the game, the system has changed how we watch football. Despite
- [Fitness trackers: How they work and their highly anticipated future](https://illumin.usc.edu/fitness-trackers-how-they-work-and-their-highly-anticipated-future/) - Abstract Millions of people around the world wear fitness trackers daily to record their physiological conditions. These devices contain a variety of different sensors that allow the user to measure heart rate, sleeping patterns, steps taken, and more. The physics behind these sensors can be relatively simple. However, the most interesting component of fitness trackers
- [Sneakers as a Science: Engineering Fashion for Comfort, Support, and Style](https://illumin.usc.edu/sneakers-as-a-science-engineering-fashion-for-comfort-support-and-style/) - Hailey Manuel is a senior studying computer science and business administration at the University of Southern California. She is intrigued by streetwear and the different uses sneakers have other than for style.
- [The Computation of Love: Finding Your Soul Mate Online](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-computation-of-love-finding-your-soul-mate-online/) - The Computation of Love: Finding Your Soul Mate Online Abstract In an age of technology and free Wi-Fi, those of us navigating the single life can opt for the electronic highway to love. Computer engineering has allowed society to grasp the subjective nature of attraction and translate it into quantitative data that computers
- [The Science behind the Perfect Pirouette –  and How It Has Changed the World of Prosthetics](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-science-behind-the-perfect-pirouette-and-how-it-has-changed-the-world-of-prosthetics/) - Megan Schoen is a sophomore at USC studying Biomedical Engineering with a mechanical emphasis. She also has 17 years of dance experience, and is currently part of the Xpressions Dance Company on campus.
- [The Engineering Behind the Happiest Place on Earth](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-engineering-behind-the-happiest-place-on-earth/) - Abstract Disney uses fundamental industrial and systems engineering principles to create the optimal environment for maximum customer satisfaction in their amusement parks. By embedding efficient processes in their park layout such as the line design, FastPass system, and the Magic Band, Disney has seemingly made mundane processes magical. Disney pushes the envelope of innovation, shaping
- [Thermal Imaging: The next game changer for medical devices?](https://illumin.usc.edu/thermal-imaging-the-next-game-changer-for-medical-devices/) - Abstract Thermal imaging has incredible medical device applications. Infrared light is the driving force behind this technology because it allows us to produce an image derived from temperature variations. Bolometers allow infrared light to be converted to temperatures and are produced through UV lithography. The final product is infrared sensors that are affordable and can
- [Fully Automatic Timing: The Most Reliable Sports Referee](https://illumin.usc.edu/fully-automatic-timing-the-most-reliable-sports-referee/) - Abstract There’s nothing quite like the thrill of watching a close finish in racing sports such as track and swimming. However, sometimes these finishes are so close that they leave fans, and even referees, wondering who actually completed the race first. To address this ambiguity, the Fully Automatic Timing (FAT) system has been developed. This
- [AI Behind AlphaGo: Machine Learning and Neural Network](https://illumin.usc.edu/ai-behind-alphago-machine-learning-and-neural-network/) - Abstract The board game Go has been viewed as one of the most challenging tasks for artificial intelligence because it is “complex, pattern-based and hard to program”. The computer program AlphaGo’s victory over Lee Sedol became a huge moment in the history of artificial intelligence and computer engineering. We can observe AlphaGo’s enormous capacity, but
- [A Face Only Law Enforcement Could Love: Using Facial Recognition to Improve Security](https://illumin.usc.edu/a-face-only-law-enforcement-could-love-using-facial-recognition-to-improve-security/) - Abstract Imagine making a credit card payment with just a selfie or having a virtually unhackable password without memorizing a single character. With the advancement of biometric security measures such as facial recognition, consumers will no longer have to imagine a world where this is possible. The technology that has been in development since the
- [The Search for a Blood Substitute](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-search-for-a-blood-substitute/) - In recent years, America's blood shortage has propelled the biotechnology of blood substitutes. Artificial blood does not contain the plasma, red and white cells, or platelets of human blood, but functions to transport and deliver oxygen to the body's tissues until the recipient's bone marrow has regenerated the missing red blood cells. Current blood substitutes
- [Reconfigurable Computing: Virtual "On-the-Fly" Hardware Swapping](https://illumin.usc.edu/reconfigurable-computing-virtual-on-the-fly-hardware-swapping/) - A new hardware paradigm technology encompassing reprogrammable circuitry commands the versatility of general design processors and the speed of application-specific circuits. One manifestation of this design stratagem is the field programmable gate array, a collection of logic functions whose software controlled interconnections can be altered at will to optimize select processing requirements. This technology can
- [Total Hip Replacement](https://illumin.usc.edu/total-hip-replacement/) - Total hip replacement, or THR, is a very common and successful procedure. THR is often performed when wear of the hip joint -- due to osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, avascular necrosis, or a related condition -- results in extreme pain. The worn femoral head and acetabulum (the ball and socket respectively) are removed and replaced with
- [Lie Detection: The Science and Development of the Polygraph](https://illumin.usc.edu/lie-detection-the-science-and-development-of-the-polygraph/) - The idea of using a polygraph for lie detection emerged at the end of the nineteenth century. Despite major technological advances in the twentieth century, the polygraph has evolved little since its invention. The polygraph works under the assumption that lies can be detected by certain measurable physiological changes, a theory proposed more than 100
- [A Look At Surveillance Cameras](https://illumin.usc.edu/a-look-at-surveillance-cameras/) - When taking a look around a public place, one may observe an increase in the use of surveillance cameras. This is partially due to technological advances that have introduced new benefits for businesses and law enforcement agencies that implement video surveillance. Current technology allows an operator to view live surveillance footage from a remote location
- [The Quest for the Perfect Racket: Advances in Tennis Racket Design](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-quest-for-the-perfect-racket-advances-in-tennis-racket-design/) - The tennis racket has experienced continuous improvements to meet the performance demands of professional players. In designing a better tennis racket, engineers and scientists need to understand exactly what happens when the ball collides with the racket. The racket frame, strings, and tennis ball experience energy transfer, resulting in deformations of all three components. With
- [Alternative Building for the Future](https://illumin.usc.edu/alternative-building-for-the-future/) - The advancement of technology and the preservation of the environment do not have to be opposing goals. When taken together, these objectives provide the basis for sustainable technologies that reduce resource consumption and pollution. Through the use of these technologies and a little creative planning, a building can be constructed that includes all the expected
- [A Genetic Solution to Malaria: More Harm Than Good?](https://illumin.usc.edu/a-genetic-solution-to-malaria-more-harm-than-good/) - Malaria continues to plague peoples worldwide, transmitted by a viral parasite carried by mosquitoes. Vaccines and pesticides have combated the disease in the past, but the disease adapts and becomes resistant to drugs, and pesticides such as DDT hurt the environment while killing mosquitoes. Geneticists have developed a new solution to this age-old quandary-a genetic
- [Collaborative Engineering Creates Artificial Mega-Structure at the Port of Los Angeles](https://illumin.usc.edu/collaborative-engineering-creates-artificial-mega-structure-at-the-port-of-los-angeles/) - It is not uncommon to see distinctions drawn between civil and environmental engineering projects. Preconceptions are regularly formed over what truly constitutes an environmentally friendly task, and these preconceptions rarely include the work of civil engineers. However, many engineering wonders exist primarily due to the interaction between these two disciplines. One such marvel, the Port
- [Bamboo: An Alternative Movement](https://illumin.usc.edu/bamboo-an-alternative-movement/) - Bamboo is emerging as an alternative resource to other types of wood. In the past, people intuitively used it as a basic material for making many different household objects and small structures. However, ongoing research and engineering efforts are enabling us to realize bamboo's true value as a renewable, versatile and readily available economic resource.
- [Ion Propulsion: Exploring Space in the 21st Century](https://illumin.usc.edu/ion-propulsion-exploring-space-in-the-21st-century/) - Electric or ion propulsion is the newest propulsion system that NASA has put into successful operation. The Deep Space 1 mission used the ion engine as its primary propulsion system and tested its capabilities for the 21st century. Its advantages over conventional propulsion include lower fuel weight, much higher fuel efficiency, and longer operational life.
- [The Harp: Engineering the Perfect Sound](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-harp-engineering-the-perfect-sound/) - The history of the harp goes back thousands of years. The harp is regarded as the world's oldest string instrument. It influenced the evolution of the piano, guitar, and violin. Engineering is the application of science to the art of problem solving; the harp has encompassed the ideals of engineering. Through many centuries, harp makers
- [Building Blocks of Thought: Engineering the Neuron](https://illumin.usc.edu/building-blocks-of-thought-engineering-the-neuron/) - The brain is our body's information processing center. It controls everything that we do, making us intelligent, conscious, and alive. The brain is made up of over 100 billion neurons. The neuron, or nerve cell, is a type of cell responsible for the body's gathering, processing, and transmission of information. Much like a unit of
- [Futuristic Rail Systems vs. the Humble Bus: An Infrastructural and Environmental Dilemma](https://illumin.usc.edu/futuristic-rail-systems-vs-the-humble-bus-an-infrastructural-and-environmental-dilemma/) - Photochemical smog, created by any gasoline-powered vehicle on the road, is a major concern in Los Angeles today. Buses, despite being implemented to reduce this pollution by lessening the number of cars on the streets and freeways, are smoke-spewing machines that pose a risk to environmental and public health. They are also inefficient; most Los
- [Immersion Through Video Games](https://illumin.usc.edu/immersion-through-video-games/) - Immersion is the process by which a media element entices a person to suspend their disbelief and accept what they are viewing on a screen or page as actual reality. Through non-linear dramatic elements and interaction between the player and the computer, a video game achieves a level of reality that demands very little suspension
- [Phytoremediation](https://illumin.usc.edu/phytoremediation/) - The natural environment is very easily polluted by the toxic compounds contained in oil. In the past, methods for restoring contaminated areas have been expensive but largely inadequate. A recently developed decontamination process called phytoremediation uses plants along with the bacteria that live in their roots to break down the toxins directly, or to absorb
- [Wastewater Technology: Engineering a Healthier Society](https://illumin.usc.edu/wastewater-technology-engineering-a-healthier-society/) - Long before the age of computers, light bulbs, automobiles, or locomotives, a revolutionary feat in engineering transformed society. This technology almost singly separates developed countries from their developing counterparts, and many Americans take it for granted. Rarely do we ever think about it when we use it, and when we do, it's generally because it
- [The Digital Image Sensor](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-digital-image-sensor/) - The digital image sensor is a technology used to record electronic images. The most commonly recognized application of the digital image sensor is the digital camera. In digital cameras, the image sensor is used in conjunction with a color separation device and signal processing circuitry to record images. The two main technologies used to fabricate
- [Radio Frequency Identification Devices (RFID) and Their Implications for the Future](https://illumin.usc.edu/radio-frequency-identification-devices-rfid-and-their-implications-for-the-future/) - Radio Frequency Identification Devices (RFID) are widely being hailed as the up-and-coming successor to barcodes. The superiority of RFID lies in its faster speed, rewriting capabilities, and the fact that the device need not be visible to be read. However, until the cost of RFID is lowered, barcodes will remain the prevalent technology. RFID works
- [The Engineering of Beer](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-engineering-of-beer/) - Beer has existed for thousands of years. During its long history its popularity has changed considerably in response to technological advancements and social pressures. Although beer was created before the science behind it was understood, the process of making beer can be thought of as a series of chemical engineering tasks that includes separation processes
- [Satellites: Made to Soar](https://illumin.usc.edu/satellites-made-to-soar/) - The launch of Sputnik in 1957 by the USSR marked the beginning of the satellite era. The next half-century saw new research and development that changed satellites into the useful tool of contemporary society. Modern satellites can help locate people all over the world, aid in scientific research, and perform many other valuable functions. Introduction
- [If you GNU what I GNU](https://illumin.usc.edu/if-you-gnu-what-i-gnu/) - The world of computing is a constantly evolving model of technological innovation, financial gain and ruin, and philosophical ideals. The open source revolution has placed these three branches of the industry in the spotlight, shaking the traditional foundations of the technology market. In a world of secrecy, and even deception, some programmers are taking a
- [Directional Audio](https://illumin.usc.edu/directional-audio/) - A collection of recently developed audio technologies allows for the creation of thin, directional sound beams. With this type of equipment, focused streams of sound can be pointed exactly where the user wants them. Directional sound technology will likely see widespread adoption in the near future as engineers continue developing sound beam technology for numerous
- [The Changing Face of Paintball](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-changing-face-of-paintball-2/) - At its essence, paintball is about marking other players with gelatin capsules filled with colored dye shot from a gun powered by compressed gas. While the fundamentals of the game have not changed since its inception, the technologies behind many of its principles have advanced. Fuelling this change is the development of newer, more sophisticated
- [Curves of Steel: CATIA and the Walt Disney Concert Hall](https://illumin.usc.edu/curves-of-steel-catia-and-the-walt-disney-concert-hall/) - The Walt Disney Concert Hall, designed by architect Frank Gehry, makes extensive use of computer technology. Without the use of CATIA (Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Interactive Application), construction of the concert hall would have been impossible. After a physical model is built, the model is scanned by a laser device that transmits coordinates to the CATIA program.
- [Samplers](https://illumin.usc.edu/samplers/) - Engineers have created a tool known as the sampler that allows the user to play a prerecorded sound at any time. The sound can also be pitched, stretched, cut up, rearranged, looped, layered and reversed. Through the sampler, engineers have profoundly influenced music and the way that it is produced as well as interpreted and
- [Shampoo Formulation: Perception and Reality](https://illumin.usc.edu/shampoo-formulation-perception-and-reality/) - Billions of dollars are spent by consumers on hair care products every year, mostly on shampoo. Consumers are bombarded every day by advertising that promises stronger, shinier, healthier hair. Actually, differentiating additives, such as vitamins, account for small percentages of shampoo ingredients. The consumer may be shocked to hear that many advertised promises fall flat
- [Tension Fabric: Waves of the Future](https://illumin.usc.edu/tension-fabric-waves-of-the-future/) - While architecture based on tension has been used since ancient times, almost every permanent structure in the world, until about 50 years ago, was based on compression loading. Beginning in the 1950's, there was a renewed interest in tension structures led by the German architect Frei Otto. As a result of research performed by Otto
- [Swimming: A Dragging Battle Against the Forces of Physics](https://illumin.usc.edu/swimming-a-dragging-battle-against-the-forces-of-physics/) - In a sport where a hundredth of a second can make all the difference, swimmers are constantly looking for ways to increase the efficiency of their stroke and improve their times. However, the physical force of drag remains a swimmer's ultimate obstacle. There are multiple forms of drag - friction, pressure, and wave - and
- [American Football: That Magic Yellow Line](https://illumin.usc.edu/american-football-that-magic-yellow-line/) - Virtual technology has brought a whole new perspective to watching football from your couch. The implementation of first-down lines in television broadcasts of America's homegrown sport has provided fans with a viewing experience that integrates cutting edge technology into the fast-paced world of athletics. This single yellow line may appear simple enough; however, its appearance
- [The Four Most Important Parts Of Your Car](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-four-most-important-parts-of-your-car/) - Most drivers do not know that the most important parts of any car are its tires. The tires have an enormous influence on the safety and performance of an automobile. While tires may appear to be simple devices, developing them is an extremely complex process. It is based on subtle design changes that can have
- [The Evolution of GPS](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-evolution-of-gps/) - The Global Positioning System (GPS) is rapidly becoming an integral part of our everyday lives. The system, created by the United States Department of Defense in 1973, has gone through many changes since its introduction to the public in 1995. GPS uses the concept of trilateration to provide your location, but relies on Differential GPS
- [The Violin: The Art Behind the Sound](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-violin-the-art-behind-the-sound/) - The violin is regarded as one of the most important musical instruments in history, perhaps because of its fundamental role in an orchestra or the inspiration and emotion transferred to the listener upon hearing its powerfully romantic sound. While its construction concentrates on producing impeccable sound, had the violin not adhered to the laws of
- [Micropropulsion and the Future of Space Exploration](https://illumin.usc.edu/micropropulsion-and-the-future-of-space-exploration/) - An emerging trend in the space industry today is the shift from large satellites to smaller microsatellites. It is envisioned that groups of microsatellites could communicate with each other, allowing them to increase their functionality and creating very adaptable networks that could replace the functions of larger, more complex spacecraft. The stringent power, weight, and
- [The Little Plastic Bulb](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-little-plastic-bulb/) - Since being introduced in the 1960's the light emitting diode (LED) has found applications in many areas due to its power efficiency, low power consumption, long life and toughness. Applications include indicator lights on electronic devices, backlights for liquid crystal display screens on cell phones and laptops, traffic lights and even wireless communications and counterfeit
- [The Engineering Behind Surfing](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-engineering-behind-surfing/) - Many people enjoy watching surfers or riding waves; however, few people consider the physical or design aspects of this pastime. The physics of surfing, from the way waves are generated, to the concept of buoyancy, to the physical forces that enable the surfer to ride a wave, show that there is more science than luck
- [Refrigerator](https://illumin.usc.edu/2696-2/) - The refrigerator is an important instrument of food preservation for modern society. The refrigeration cycle is the chemical process that drives the refrigerator and generally consists of four main steps: 1) compression of ammonia refrigerant; 2) cooling of ammonia refrigerant; 3) expansion of ammonia refrigerant; and 4) drawing in of heat from the core of
- [Rescuing or Imprisoning Digital Media](https://illumin.usc.edu/rescuing-or-imprisoning-digital-media/) - Because the Internet makes digital media easily accessible, copyright infringement is a more serious risk than ever before. At the same time, great creative and educational opportunities arise from the unparalleled availability of so much creative work. A system called Digital Rights Management (DRM) has been developed to enforce and protect copyrighted digital media and
- [Ballistics of Modern Firearms](https://illumin.usc.edu/ballistics-of-modern-firearms/) - In the past two decades Americans have experienced a turbulent relationship with guns. We are compelled as a society to love them through popular culture and are taught to hate them through the acts of newsworthy criminals. Through all this, it is easy to view guns as a living force by which we can be
- [Medical MacGyvers](https://illumin.usc.edu/medical-macgyvers/) - Engineers at Numotech Inc. and Sandia National Laboratories have designed a device that can reduce the healing period for many different types of wounds including plastic surgery incisions, burns, and necrotizing fasciitis. The most striking feature of the product is its simplicity, which hides the enormous amount of engineering that went into creating it. The
- [Getting the Boot](https://illumin.usc.edu/getting-the-boot/) - Beneath even the biggest soccer stars is a pair of shoes designed and tested by engineers to push the limits of the game. The soccer boot (the traditional name for a soccer shoe) has evolved a great deal in form and function, particularly in the past few decades. To keep up with the sport's growing
- [The Botox Lowdown: Science, Safety, and Success](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-botox-lowdown-science-safety-and-success/) - The Botox injection is by far the most popular cosmetic procedure performed today. Botox, or Botulinum toxin A, works by blocking the release of a key chemical, acetylcholine, preventing the transmittal of signals from nerve cells to muscles. This unique effect makes it useful clinically in treating neurological and neuromuscular disorders and cosmetically in smoothing
- [Engineering a More Fish-Friendly Dam](https://illumin.usc.edu/engineering-a-more-fish-friendly-dam/) - Thousands of Americans have come to rely on dams not only as a source of inexpensive power, but also for irrigation and navigational needs. In spite of their benefits, dams have come under fire because of the role they have played in contributing to the decline of Pacific Northwest salmon populations. To avoid dam removal,
- [Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Are You at Risk?](https://illumin.usc.edu/carpal-tunnel-syndrome-are-you-at-risk/) - Ergonomics and human factors are major fields within industrial engineering. By studying the human body and its measurements and variations, it's possible to create an ideal tool for any function. In recent years, as people utilize high technology more in their everyday lives, the focus has moved strongly toward ergonomically-sound computer workstations. Though ergonomics may
- [Continuous Glucose Sensing: A Leap in Diabetic Treatment](https://illumin.usc.edu/continuous-glucose-sensing-a-leap-in-diabetic-treatment/) - Diabetes treatments take many forms, but they all have the same purpose: regulating glucose in patients whose bodies cannot control glucose levels. Only within the last few years has technology evolved to permit continuous glucose monitoring outside hospitals. Continuous glucose monitoring helps doctors prescribe insulin therapies and dietary programs that are much better suited to
- [Touring Titan](https://illumin.usc.edu/touring-titan/) - Launched in 1997, the Cassini-Huygens mission is a seven-year project that reached Saturn in June 2004. Upon arrival Cassini began four years of data gathering on Saturn and nine of its twenty known moons. In November 2004 the probe Huygens was released and descended to the surface of Titan, Saturn's largest moon. Some scientists view
- [Formula One Race Cars: Blurring the Lines between Art and Science](https://illumin.usc.edu/formula-one-race-cars-blurring-the-lines-between-art-and-science/) - In order for the Formula One industry to produce some of the fastest cars in the world, art, science, and engineering must find common ground. Fierce competition and numerous regulations necessitate new design approaches in order to gain the few milliseconds that can separate the winners from the losers. Designers, engineers and computer scientists utilize
- [The Pivot Advantage](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-pivot-advantage/) - Scuba divers rely on diving fins for underwater propulsion. Recent advancements in fin technology have increased divers' locomotive efficiency, with some designs drawing ideas from structures in nature for improvement. Traditional paddle fins have been modified to include grooved surfaces, pivoting structures, and split designs to maximize forward thrust per kick and reduce energy expenditure.
- [Curveballs and Knuckleballs: Engineering Principles at Work in America's Favorite Pastime](https://illumin.usc.edu/curveballs-and-knuckleballs-engineering-principles-at-work-in-americas-favorite-pastime/) - The art of pitching a baseball requires great skill and dexterity to master. A great pitcher is one who understands the engineering of the baseball itself and the aerodynamic principles at work while the ball is in flight. Furthermore, a great pitcher is able to exploit these laws of physics with a variety of pitches,
- [Engineering Outdoor Spaces: USC's McCarthy Quad](https://illumin.usc.edu/engineering-outdoor-spaces-uscs-mccarthy-quad/) - Once a crowded and dull parking lot, McCarthy Quad has been transformed into a recreational area meant to provide a sense of self and community for USC students. The planning and development of the project involved political, economic, spiritual, and environmental aspects, as well as budgetary concerns. In engineering the layout of the site that
- [Photo-Realism: An Exact Science?](https://illumin.usc.edu/photo-realism-an-exact-science/) - Occasionally, it is the job of special effects artists in film and television to manipulate reality in order to present an image that audiences believe they would see, as opposed to what they would actually see in real life. This concept and practice incorporates not only the mathematics and engineering of special and visual effects,
- [Shedding Light on Blindness](https://illumin.usc.edu/shedding-light-on-blindness/) - Two retinal diseases, Age- Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) and Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP), are the leading causes of blindness in individuals over the age of 65. Despite various treatments such as gene therapy and retinal tissue transplant, physicians have thus far been unable to combat the blinding effects of these diseases. With the knowledge that AMD
- [Broadband over Power Lines](https://illumin.usc.edu/broadband-over-power-lines/) - In order to bring high-speed internet to areas where developing a traditional broadband infrastructure would be cost prohibitive, engineers have recently begun working on developing techniques for delivering broadband internet signals over the existing power supply grid. By using an entirely different frequency range, power lines can carry traditional AC power and data signals simultaneously.
- [Search Engines: Guiding You in the Digital World](https://illumin.usc.edu/search-engines-guiding-you-in-the-digital-world/) - The daily life of an average American is depending more and more on the Internet. Information and entertainment sites abound, but many of the billions of web pages are yet unknown. Search engines are the pipeline through which users can quickly find the content they desire. The history of online search engines dates back to
- [Engineering Water: Finding Solutions to a Drying Well](https://illumin.usc.edu/engineering-water-finding-solutions-to-a-drying-well/) - The global fresh water supply has become a major concern as most third world nations, and even some developed countries, face the disconcerting reality that drinkable water is running out. To solve this newly realized crisis, engineers are offering the world new, innovative techniques for water purification. Nanotechnology, technological development on the nanometer scale, is
- [Michelangelo's Motion Picture](https://illumin.usc.edu/michelangelos-motion-picture/) - With the recent boom in digital technology, science has opened the doors to historical secrets. For years, engineering has paved the path to knowledge. Now, it has come to the aid of aesthetes, uncovering the mysteries hidden for us by history's master artists. 3D scanning provides art historians with virtual models of sculptures whose accuracy
- [Doping in Sports: Blood Oxygenation Enhancement](https://illumin.usc.edu/doping-in-sports-blood-oxygenation-enhancement/) - Doping is the use of performance enhancing drugs or methods by athletes to gain a competitive advantage. Blood oxygenation enhancement is a type of doping that artificially increases an individual's hemoglobin concentration above normally occurring levels. Two common methods of blood doping are blood transfusion, or the transfer of blood into a person's vein, and
- [Cryptography and Communication Security in a Digital Age](https://illumin.usc.edu/cryptography-and-communication-security-in-a-digital-age-2/) - Abstract Have you ever forgotten your password on a website where you made an account months before? The process of retrieving that password begins with a trial and error process of running through your familiar passwords and usually ends with a frustrated click on the “Forgot password?” button nearby. After refreshing your inbox in search
- [The Loudness Wars](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-loudness-wars/) - Abstract From the time of vinyl records to modern portable music capabilities on phones, music producers have been fighting for the best (read: the loudest) music releases. Sound engineers have been the primary weapons in this war. Compressing the dynamic range, or the gap between the loudest and softest moments in a song, has armed
- [Ask Me Anything](https://illumin.usc.edu/ask-me-anything/) - Abstract Natural language processing (NLP) techniques help artificially intelligent computers understand and answer the questions that humans ask. Though NLP in artificial intelligence was popularized in everyday devices like Apple’s Siri and Amazon’s Alexa, we can trace many of the techniques and methods used today back to Watson, the Jeopardy! robot. Growing NLP capabilities drive
- [DNA Computing – The World’s Best Computers Already Exist and We Didn’t Make Them](https://illumin.usc.edu/dna-computing-the-worlds-best-computers-already-exist-and-we-didnt-make-them/) - Abstract DNA has been introduced to the computer science field as one of the newest materials used for computer construction and computational mechanics. Its unique chemical properties make it faster and smaller than traditional computers– able to perform parallel operations on enormous amounts of data. Since Leonard Adleman’s first experiment with this media, others have
- [Touchscreen: an Engineered Harmony between Humans and Machines](https://illumin.usc.edu/touchscreen-an-engineered-harmony-between-humans-and-machines/) - Abstract Touchscreens change the way we interact with computers and machines. They remove physical buttons, make computers and machines easier and more fun to interact with, and integrate more technology into our everyday lives. Touchscreens also allow us to humanize or anthropomorphize devices because it reduces the barrier between the user and the device. While
- [The Human Lung…On a Chip!](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-human-lungon-a-chip/) - Abstract The lung-on-a-chip is a clear, flexible microdevice that mimics the structure and function of the human lung. The size of a USB memory stick, the chip contains tiny hollow channels lined by living human lung cells. Inside the chip, realistically arranged cell layers are exposed to a flow of nutrients and air, as well
- [The Magic Touch: Human Anatomy Inspires Robotic Hand Design](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-magic-touch-human-anatomy-inspires-robotic-hand-design/) - Abstract For decades, the field of robotics has progressed slowly in attempts to develop a robotic hand as dexterous as the human hand. However, recent research efforts are entertaining the idea that the key to creating a dexterous robotic hand may be in artificially re-creating the muscle- and tendon-based approach that controls the human hand.
- [Encrypt the Future – Quantum Cryptography](https://illumin.usc.edu/encrypt-the-future-quantum-cryptography/) - The inherent weakness of traditional cryptography has exposed its unreliability to modern computing technology. To overcome this issue, scientists used the laws of quantum mechanics to create quantum cryptography, which is invincible to conventional hacking. By developing the quantum cryptography system, conventional hacking will eventually be eliminated. Introduction The internet, as one of the greatest
- [Asteroid Deflection](https://illumin.usc.edu/asteroid-deflection/) - The threat of an Earth-asteroid collision is very real. Historically, asteroids and comets have proven to be sources of incredible destruction, and they are thought to have caused at least one mass extinction. This has motivated geologists, scientists and engineers to start devising plans to deflect potentially lethal asteroids and protect the earth from the
- [To Boldly Go Where No Man Has Gone Before: Faster-than-Light Travel in the 21st Century](https://illumin.usc.edu/to-boldly-go-where-no-man-has-gone-before-faster-than-light-travel-in-the-21st-century-2/) - Albert Einstein’s famous theory of relativity specified that the Universe had a speed limit for all masses. As a result, faster-than-light travel has always been seen as nothing more than science fiction. However, faster-than-light travel may not be so farfetched anymore. Engineers today are working to create the first usable ‘warp drive’, which would allow
- [Shop Smart](https://illumin.usc.edu/2595-2/) - A store’s layout is carefully constructed to optimize for ease of shopping and increase sales. The placement of products, the arrangement of aisles, and the use of promotional signs are a scrutinized by engineers to increase the productivity of the business. When was the last time you walked into a store? Did you notice anything
- [Hoverboards: Gliding to the Future](https://illumin.usc.edu/hoverboards-gliding-to-the-future/) - Hoverboards have been a dream put into people’s imagination by movies and other science fiction works, but now they have become a reality. By using the concepts of magnetism, hoverboards have been developed that levitate a few inches off the ground while allowing the rider to maneuver across metal surfaces. This technology would not just
- [From Ship Navigators to Agent 007: Cultural and Engineering Significance of Mechanical Watches](https://illumin.usc.edu/from-ship-navigators-to-agent-007-cultural-and-engineering-significance-of-mechanical-watches/) - Although today, they are primarily known as fashion statements, mechanical watches have a long history of being a significant piece of mechanical engineering. Their development enabled long-distance ship travel, and for hundreds of years, they were the superior method for timekeeping. With up to hundreds of moving parts, mechanical watches are one of the most
- [Engineering NBA Players' Health](https://illumin.usc.edu/engineering-nba-players-health/) - Modern wearable sensors utilize global positioning system (GPS) technology to track basic movement data that has both statistical and medical implications in the sports world. This article highlights the ingenuity of such sensors, which weigh only one ounce yet contain an accelerometer (measures starts and stops), gyroscope (measures bending and twisting of the body), magnetometer
- [Are You a Human? Exploring What Web Security Means to You](https://illumin.usc.edu/are-you-a-human-exploring-what-web-security-means-to-you/) - The internet is a ubiquitous part of everyday life with people using it for work, play, and everything in-between. But for every helpful use of modern computers' superior speed and performance, there is also a way for malicious hackers to counteract traditional security measures. This becomes a considerable issue as the internet expands in terms
- [Disney’s “Green” Magic: Engineering Sustainability](https://illumin.usc.edu/disneys-green-magic-engineering-sustainability/) - This paper discusses the sustainable efforts that The Walt Disney Corporation has made in recent years to reduce their environmental impact and improve sustainability. From food to energy waste, Disney Parks and Resorts has paired up with Walt Disney Imagineering to find innovative ways to conserve energy that not only benefit the guest within the
- [Solving the Brain Crisis in Sports](https://illumin.usc.edu/solving-the-brain-crisis-in-sports/) - Over the past few decades professional and collegiate football leagues have garnered significant attention regarding the health and safety issues that players face, specifically pertaining to concussions and brain health. While head injuries can occur in a variety of different ways, hard hits involving the helmets of one or more players are identified as the
- [The Future of Food: 3D Printing](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-future-of-food-3d-printing/) - 3D printing is the process of building up a 3D object by depositing materials layer by layer onto the print bed of a 3D printer. The materials most commonly used to produce the 3D objects have been plastics and metals, but recently researchers, engineers, scientists and food connoisseurs have begun to experiment with edible materials.
- [Car Turns Signals: Why They Blink, Make Sounds, and Look a Certain Way.](https://illumin.usc.edu/car-turns-signals-why-they-blink-make-sounds-and-look-a-certain-way/) - Although car turn signals seem like a trivial part of the car, they are a very important communication tool that drivers depend on. Each design decision of the turn signals from the frequency of the blinking, the sound of the ticking, the color of the lights, and their location on the car are carefully engineered
- [A Wireless World Is a Better World](https://illumin.usc.edu/a-wireless-world-is-a-better-world/) - The wireless transfer of electrical power is a technological concept that has been around since the late 19th century. However, this technology was never fully developed for commercial use, and after the death of its discoverer, Nicola Tesla, it became obsolete for almost a century. This technology was finally revived in the year 2007 by
- [Leaving the Light On: Vacuum Tubes and their Reemergence](https://illumin.usc.edu/leaving-the-light-on-vacuum-tubes-and-their-reemergence/) - Walk into an Urban Outfitters, coffee shop, or cafe in any arts district and you will catch wind of an audio craze that has blown through the younger generation – analog sound. Boycotting digital sound, those who seek warm, analog signals wish to receive their music in a more natural way – not unlike preferring
- [Rubbing It In: Modern Sun Protection](https://illumin.usc.edu/rubbing-it-in-modern-sun-protection/) - Sun damage is a cumulative process, meaning that every moment of exposure has a long-term impact. Overexposure to the sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation can cause burns, diseases, and cancers—substantially contributing to mortality rates in fair-skinned populations. The severity of skin cancer is real; there are more new cases of skin cancer than the combined
- [Diesel Engines: Is Old Technology Actually Green Technology?](https://illumin.usc.edu/diesel-engines-is-old-technology-actually-green-technology/) - Unbeknownst to many, the familiar diesel engine has potential for the implementation of clean diesel technology for use in the same way that hybrids are used today. From development and historical use of the diesel engine to the engineering principles by which the engine functions, diesel technology has evolved to meet the needs of a
- [Deep Blue: The History and Engineering behind Computer Chess](https://illumin.usc.edu/deep-blue-the-history-and-engineering-behind-computer-chess/) - Computer chess software available today is a staple of modern computing distractions. Few may recognize the rich history behind the development of that technology. In a revolutionary chess tournament in 1997, the chess world champion was defeated by an IBM supercomputer called Deep Blue, shocking the media and the general public. To the artificial intelligence
- [A Railway Under the Ocean: The Channel Tunnel Linking Britain and France](https://illumin.usc.edu/a-railway-under-the-ocean-the-channel-tunnel-linking-britain-and-france/) - The Channel Tunnel took almost two centuries to come to fruition, but on May 6, 1994, the six-year construction project became the first solid landline between Britain and continental Europe. Since then the tunnel has become a relative quick, yet somewhat expensive, form of transportation for both civilian and corporate purposes. Though it has proved
- [WiMAX: The Next Generation of Wireless Technology](https://illumin.usc.edu/wimax-the-next-generation-of-wireless-technology/) - Today, it may seem like Internet access is ubiquitous, but a new wireless broadband system called WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) promises to revolutionize the utility and accessibility of the Internet. WiMAX technology has a longer range, higher spectral efficiency, and ability to connect multiple users at the same time. It also has a
- [Sticking With It](https://illumin.usc.edu/sticking-with-it/) - Engineers are increasingly drawing on inspiration from other fields combined with creative problem-solving to construct the products of the future. The ability of the gecko to scale slick vertical surfaces has long been a fascination of biologists and scientists alike, with current engineers looking to harness this power to create new medical products. Three potential
- [Engineering Super Strength: Combining Man and Machine](https://illumin.usc.edu/engineering-super-strength-combining-man-and-machine/) - The strength of famous superheroes may at last be within our grasp, as engineers develop powered exoskeletons to augment the abilities of the human body with mechanical force. Combining the principles of hydraulic pressure and computer simulation, these suits allow the wearer to complete feats of strength previously confined to comic books and the silver
- [California's Water Crisis](https://illumin.usc.edu/californias-water-crisis/) - With its naturally arid landscape, Southern California has always relied on water piped in from other locations in order to meets its demand. However, a growing population and dwindling supplies are creating a huge water deficiency. Traditional methods of tapping into new surface or groundwater sources have proven to be very detrimental to the environment,
- [Dynamic Soaring](https://illumin.usc.edu/dynamic-soaring/) - Dynamic soaring is a specialized form of gliding flight that has not yet been thoroughly researched. Observations of the albatross seabird show that it is possible to harness abundant energy by flying specific patterns through a boundary layer between two layers of air with differing wind velocities. Prior to the 1990's, rigorous examinations of these
- [Intelligent Transportation Systems](https://illumin.usc.edu/intelligent-transportation-systems/) - Personal transportation is truly a marvel of the twentieth century. Advances in many fields of technology have made automobiles and channels of transportation available to almost anyone. However, the freeways in major cities, on which so many people depend on to get them to work or school every day, were not designed for the amount
- [The Long Case Clock: Engineering Behind a Grandfather Clock](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-long-case-clock-engineering-behind-a-grandfather-clock/) - The first record of man keeping time was approximated to have occurred in 700 B.C. with the use of the sundial. The next true advancement in accurate time keeping was the engineering feat of pendulum clock technology. Long case pendulum clocks have been used since 1657, and remain popular today. The Grandfather Clock was created
- [A World of Petroleum](https://illumin.usc.edu/a-world-of-petroleum/) - The enriched lifestyle that many Americans enjoy is largely dependent on petroleum. Oil and natural gas provide 65% of our energy needs and 97% of our transportation fuels. Everyday items such as ink, heart valves, telephones, rubbing alcohol, sports car bodies, shampoo, and cosmetics are all products of petroleum. These products are produced through a
- [Space Flight: The History and Future of Rocket Science](https://illumin.usc.edu/space-flight-the-history-and-future-of-rocket-science/) - Space exploration is a hot topic that has fans in aerospace engineering and the general population alike. This article provides a brief account of the evolution of space flight, from the early days of rocketry until the mid 20th century. In addition, it offers an explanation of the mechanics of space flight and explores different
- [The Petronas Towers](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-petronas-towers/) - The Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia are not only some of the world's tallest buildings, but also give insight into the advancements of architectural technology. Both the obvious and obscure elements of this structure illustrate its role as a precedent for skyscrapers of the future. The buildings are marveled not only for their great
- [The Fun of Funiculars](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-fun-of-funiculars/) - Humans have been using funiculars for close to 500 years to transport people and cargo up steep inclines, and in that time, the technology has not changed significantly. Initially developed to move through steep terrain, funiculars remain relevant because of their efficiency and simplicity of design. By using a counterweight pulley system, the funicular uses
- [Genetically Modified Crops: Boon or Bane?](https://illumin.usc.edu/genetically-modified-crops-boon-or-bane/) - The genetic manipulation of crops such as soybeans, maize, canola, and cotton has the potential to increase crop production and sustain our the world's population. However, from the first theories of selective breeding and Gregor Mendel's hereditary factors to contemporary practices of DNA splicing, the practice of genetic modification has been fraught with controversy. Selecting
- [Cloud Computing](https://illumin.usc.edu/cloud-computing/) - Cloud computing is the up-and-coming computing revolution that will change the way we access applications and data. With the emergence of Web 2.0 technologies and web applications such as Google Apps, Facebook, and eyeOS, the running of applications and storing of data has begun to shift from the personal computer to “the cloud”. Cloud computing
- [A Look at Venice: Past and Present](https://illumin.usc.edu/a-look-at-venice-past-and-present/) - The city of Venice is an engineering masterpiece. From the well-known St. Mark's Square to the infamous Bridge of Sighs, the city was built entirely on water. The early engineers of the city had to choose specific materials suited to marine conditions, and they developed unique techniques for constructing the historic buildings we see today.
- [Silver Nanoparticles: A Valuable Weapon in Microbial Warfare](https://illumin.usc.edu/2735-2/) - Nanotechnology is currently being used as a valuable weapon for combating body odor-causing bacteria. Materials can be manufactured at the ‘nano’ scale, one billion times smaller than the world of meters we currently live in. Nanoparticles provide terrific driving forces for diffusion, which allows chemical reactions to occur at a high rate. In the case
- [Thought-Controlled Wheelchair](https://illumin.usc.edu/thought-controlled-wheelchair/) - Brain-computer interfaces have offered the opportunity for highly disabled patients with motor disabilities to live more normal lives. The recent innovations in thought-controlled wheelchairs using EEG technology will allow patients to not only communicate with their surroundings but to also navigate around them. The development of this technology could potentially make a huge impact on
- [Power-Generating Fashion: A Look into Smart Textiles](https://illumin.usc.edu/power-generating-fashion-a-look-into-smart-textiles/) - Technology has advanced the functions of clothing to a new level through the creation of power-generating textiles. These materials are made of solar cell or piezoelectric fabric that will allow enough electricity to be generated to recharge a small, portable electronic device. With additional engineering and research, clothing that can recharge any portable electronic device
- [The Prospects of Invisibility Cloaks: Bending the Laws of Light](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-prospects-of-invisibility-cloaks-bending-the-laws-of-light/) - Current research and experimentation with metamaterials have led to advancements in the development of invisibility. Metamaterials can be used to make objects appear invisible by bending light around those objects through refraction instead of away from those objects by reflection. Though no natural material exhibits this behavior, engineers are working to design cloaking devices with
- [No Vacancy: IPv4 Address Depletion and Possible Solutions for the Expanding Internet](https://illumin.usc.edu/no-vacancy-ipv4-address-depletion-and-possible-solutions-for-the-expanding-internet/) - Internet Protocol (IP) addresses form the foundation of the internet. Every device and website requires an IP address to send and receive information. Unfortunately, IPv4, the current IP address system, is limited to approximately 4 billion possible addresses, a threshold that is quickly approaching as countless new devices connect to the internet. When no IPv4
- [Spread the Sound: A Brief History of Music Reproduction](https://illumin.usc.edu/spread-the-sound-a-brief-history-of-music-reproduction/) - Advancements in technology over the last 150 years have allowed people to spread music throughout the world by recording sound into a physical form and replaying it at their convenience. Music reproduction began in the late 19th century with the advent of the vinyl album, the first invention to let the masses record audio into
- [If You Can Think It, You Can Print It: Exploring the Possibilities of 3D Printing](https://illumin.usc.edu/if-you-can-think-it-you-can-print-it-exploring-the-possibilities-of-3d-printing/) - Utilizing precision computer control and harnessing advances in materials science, the development of the three-dimensional (3D) printer has opened up a new realm of manufacturing possibilities. The 3D printer is a device which can create three dimensional objects from plastics and metals. Complex geometries and surfaces are now reproducible. While initially developed for the manufacturing
- [Composite Technology and the Hockey Stick Revolution](https://illumin.usc.edu/composite-technology-and-the-hockey-stick-revolution/) - Over the last decade, the game of hockey has changed significantly, especially due to advances in composite hockey stick technology. This paper discusses the progression of hockey stick composition throughout the years as well as important properties of hockey sticks and how the composition of sticks affects these properties. It also examines the slap shot,
- [Biology’s Approach to Construction: The Development and Use of Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering](https://illumin.usc.edu/biologys-approach-to-construction-the-development-and-use-of-scaffolds-in-tissue-engineering/) - The field of tissue engineering has seen significant improvements in the past 10 years, much of which is due to the development of tissue scaffolds. These 3-dimensional, porous structures are perfectly suited for cellular attachment and growth due to their physical similarities to the native extracellular matrix. The ability of scaffolds to be strong yet
- [Books of the Future: the Engineering Behind Electronic Ink Displays](https://illumin.usc.edu/books-of-the-future-the-engineering-behind-electronic-ink-displays/) - Electronic ink mimics the appearance of ordinary ink on paper. It is currently used in cell phones, signs, and e-readers like the Amazon Kindle. There are many ways to imitate natural ink displays, but the most commonly used method is electrophoretic ink. This ink takes advantage of interactions between computer processors and charged black and
- [Where Does My Decaf Come From?](https://illumin.usc.edu/where-does-my-decaf-come-from/) - Decaffeinated coffee is a popular beverage in cafes and homes throughout the world. There are several different methods used to decaffeinate coffee, including the direct method, indirect method, carbon dioxide method, and the Swiss Water Process. While the first three methods involve chemical treatment of the coffee beans, the last one—Swiss Water Process—does not involve
- [The Science Behind Tennis Racquet Performance and Choosing the Right Racquet](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-science-behind-tennis-racquet-performance-and-choosing-the-right-racquet/) - The quest of finding the perfect tennis racquet can be very arduous. There are so many factors to consider when choosing a racquet. One's playing style along with various features of a racquet should all be taken into consideration. The sweet spot, moment, torque, torsion, impulse reaction, shock, work, power and control are important aspects
- [The Naughty Jabulani](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-naughty-jabulani/) - The 2010 World Cup brought on the advent of the controversial Jabulani soccer ball and many questions of whether or not the ball played a critical role in some of the soccer players’ blunders during game play. Adidas engineers designed a brand new soccer ball to debut as the official World Cup ball. Jabulani featured
- [The Inner Workings of Speech Recognition](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-inner-workings-of-speech-recognition/) - With research focusing on different ways for people to interact with computers, speech recognition is emerging as a very important technology. Whether it is using a voice controlled navigation system in a car, or a voice controlled system over the phone, speech recognition is bound to play a larger role in society. Ultimately, various theories
- [Flying Cars and the Future of Civil Transportation](https://illumin.usc.edu/flying-cars-and-the-future-of-civil-transportation/) - Though many have tried and failed, those attempting to combine ground and sky with street-legal aircraft are presented with a new window of opportunity through which they can feasibly offer their innovations to the masses. Joint exploratory research conducted by NASA and the FAA has created the groundwork for an overhaul of our nation’s airspace
- [Planning for Future Generations](https://illumin.usc.edu/planning-for-future-generations/) - The cross-cultural desire for a male birth control "pill" has led the drive for a drug that creates reversible infertility in a safe and reliable manner, while securing sexual freedom and allowing men to partake in the responsibility of family planning. Potential drugs being explored are either hormonally-based and impede the production of sperm, or
- [Edible Structures: The Application of Structural Engineering in Cake Design](https://illumin.usc.edu/edible-structures-the-application-of-structural-engineering-in-cake-design/) - Rarely are cakes thought of as miniature buildings, but they are actually governed by the same physics that keep homes and offices upright. As such, multi-layered cakes are subject building like forces and need a support system that will hold the weight of the different layers. They share many structural elements with modern day skyscrapers
- [Look, No Hands!](https://illumin.usc.edu/look-no-hands/) - The idea of robot-like vehicles has been around for quite some time. We have seen them in movies and read about them in science fiction books. But how close are we really? With financial backing from the government and private industry, the engineering field has made tremendous progress over the last few years. However, the
- [Better Illuminating our Lives: The Need and Implementation of a Smart Grid](https://illumin.usc.edu/better-illuminating-our-lives-the-need-and-implementation-of-a-smart-grid/) - The demand for power in the United States is rising every year, mostly due to population growth and the increasing use of and dependence on electronics. Our current power grid, being nearly a century old, is simply struggling to keep up. The development of a Smart Grid is a necessary improvement for this country’s infrastructure
- [Leonardo da Vinci: The Engineer](https://illumin.usc.edu/leonardo-da-vinci-the-engineer/) - Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) lived in Florence, Italy, for most of his life and spent much of his time in private studies. He is mostly known for painting the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, two of the most famous paintings in Western art, but his work as a scientist and inventor is often forgotten.
- [Applying Nanotechnology to the Battle Against Cancer](https://illumin.usc.edu/applying-nanotechnology-to-the-battle-against-cancer/) - Nanotechnology is a developing field in engineering. The possibilities of nanotechnology currently seem endless with all of the things that can be solved on the nano scale. With that in mind, one of the currently most promising areas of research in the field is in the discipline of Biomedical Engineering. Focusing in on cancer treatments,
- [Traffic-Actuated Signals](https://illumin.usc.edu/traffic-actuated-signals/) - Urban sprawl and a lack of public transportation infrastructure have led to ever increasing traffic congestion, as people commute to most of their daily activities. Traffic-actuated signals have been created to alleviate this problem by efficiently managing traffic flow. The system is capable of detecting live traffic data and assigning the appropriate light cycle (for
- [The New Dimension of Entertainment: 3D Technology](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-new-dimension-of-entertainment-3d-technology/) - Image depth is created by three processes: layering, line perspective, and binocular stereoscopy. The first two are most effective in creating 2D paintings while binocular stereoscopy is used in 3D media today. Stereoscopy employs the same principles as natural binocular vision by layering two slightly different images, which will then be separated for each eye,
- [An Engineer’s Perspective: London’s Preparation for the 2012 Olympic Games](https://illumin.usc.edu/an-engineers-perspective-londons-preparation-for-the-2012-olympic-games/) - The Olympic Games are the world’s largest international athletic competition. Every two years, viewers from around the globe tune in to the Olympics to cheer on their nations’ most celebrated athletes. The heroic athletic performances of the Olympics will always be remembered, but what is often forgotten is the incredible preparation effort completed by each
- [A Tiny Microchip is Up for the Challenge](https://illumin.usc.edu/a-tiny-microchip-is-up-for-the-challenge/) - The National Academy of Engineering recently released fourteen Grand Challenges for the engineers of the 21st century. These challenges reflect global problems that range from the creation of new energy sources to the advancement of healthcare informatics. With the growth of informatics technology, more patient files are making their way onto hard-drives and servers, which
- [The Quadrotor’s Coming of Age](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-quadrotors-coming-of-age/) - The quadrotor is an emerging Micro Air Vehicle (MAV) that may have limitless applications. Departing from a century old design, modern quadrotors are evolving into small and agile vehicles. After already proving their usefulness as aerial imaging tools, new research is allowing quadrotors to communicate intelligently with other autonomous vehicles, to explore unknown environments, and
- [Soaring to New Heights: The Evolution of Pole Vaulting and Pole Materials](https://illumin.usc.edu/2702-2/) - Pole vaulting is an incredibly dynamic and complex sport that requires high levels of athleticism, precision, and skill. The process of the vault involves the transfer of energy from the vaulter to the pole, and finally back to the vaulter as he is launched into the air. As a result, the vault relies heavily on
- [Microbial Fuel Cells: Generating Power from Waste](https://illumin.usc.edu/microbial-fuel-cells-generating-power-from-waste/) - Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) use bacteria to convert organic waste material into electrical energy. This environmentally-friendly process produces electricity without the combustion of fossil fuels. MFCs have various practical applications such as in breweries, domestic wastewater treatment, desalination plants, hydrogen production, remote sensing, and pollution remediation, and they can be used as a remote power
- [Letting No Music Go Unrecognized](https://illumin.usc.edu/letting-no-music-go-unrecognized/) - Modern music recognition software has taken the guesswork out of locating music. With just a tap of a finger, smartphone users everywhere can record, send, and analyze 15 seconds worth of music to receive a response with the track name in only a matter of seconds. By analyzing a song’s unique “audio fingerprint” and reducing
- [Worthy of Praise: The Modern Flush Toilet](https://illumin.usc.edu/worthy-of-praise-the-modern-flush-toilet/) - Modern flush toilets have revolutionized the way humans live, yet are given minimal acknowledgment for their contributions to society. A move towards managing human waste began at least as early as the Mesopotamian civilization, and since then, toilet technology has evolved in conjunction with social and technological trends. By providing a means of maintaining sanitation
- [Stylish Safety: Engineering Sunglasses](https://illumin.usc.edu/stylish-safety-engineering-sunglasses/) - Sunglasses are often taken for granted as just another fashion accessory, but they are actually the result of engineering technology that is both powerful and delicate. In order to create a final product that is protective, stylish, and durable, engineers were forced to deal with the complex nature of light -- especially ultraviolet radiation and
- [Making a Quick Buck: Counterfeiting in America](https://illumin.usc.edu/making-a-quick-buck-counterfeiting-in-america/) - Counterfeiting involves the creation of fake money, and it is the government's job to stay one step ahead of these counterfeiters. While ingenuity and skill were the main factors leading to successful counterfeiting in the past, recent improvements in digital scanners and printers have made counterfeiting much easier. In order to battle these new technologies,
- [Aerogel - The Insulative Frozen Smoke](https://illumin.usc.edu/aerogel-the-insulative-frozen-smoke/) - Aerogel, a material commonly referred to as "frozen" or "solid smoke," was originally developed in the 1930s, but has not received much attention until now. Scientists and engineers recently realized the possibilities of working with such an unusual substance, focusing on its strength-to-weight ratio and its thermal resistivity. These properties are a result of the
- [Working Against Our Evolution: The Positive and Negative Effects of Antibiotic Use in Humans and Emerging Alternatives](https://illumin.usc.edu/working-against-our-evolution-the-positive-and-negative-effects-of-antibiotic-use-in-humans-and-emerging-alternatives/) - The introduction of antibiotics in the twentieth century has led to their widespread use, as they have become a prevalent class of drugs prescribed worldwide. A continuous demand for antibiotics has circulated throughout the medical community to treat ailments that range from the common throat infection to life-threatening staphylococcus infections. Increased usage of antibiotics by
- [Night Vision Goggles: Moving from Military to Modern Day Applications](https://illumin.usc.edu/night-vision-goggles-moving-from-military-to-modern-day-applications/) - Night vision devices (NVDs) have allowed humans to easily blend into and exploit an environment that was once only conquered through the use of flashlights and flood lamps. Whether in goggle or binocular form, these devices have given people a significant edge, first in military combat and more recently in surveillance, security, and rescue operations.
- [Microprocessors: The Silicon Revolution](https://illumin.usc.edu/microprocessors-the-silicon-revolution/) - The microprocessor can be considered one of the greatest inventions of the twentieth century, placing an entire room of computer equipment with a single chip. The fundamental operations of a microprocessor are basic, yet it has allowed so much to be accomplished. As transistors, the building blocks of microprocessors, approach their minimum size limits, creative
- [A Powerful History: The Modern Electrical Outlet](https://illumin.usc.edu/a-powerful-history-the-modern-electrical-outlet/) - The electrical outlet is a modern convenience that we often take for granted - until it becomes an inconvenience. When traveling abroad, you must purchase adapters, converters and transformers with no guarantee that these will fit into your hotel room outlet. There have been a number of developments to make the outlet a safer, more
- [NASA Brings Clean Water Back Down to Earth](https://illumin.usc.edu/nasa-brings-clean-water-back-down-to-earth/) - Getting enough water is one of the greatest challenges in human spaceflight. As its mission objectives have become increasingly more ambitious, NASA has been at the forefront of water purification technology. Designers of water purification systems for space travel face many of the same challenges as designers of systems for use in developing nations, and
- [From the Vine to the Table: Winemaking Explained](https://illumin.usc.edu/from-the-vine-to-the-table-winemaking-explained/) - Wine has been enjoyed for over 7,000 years and through the centuries it has been the preferred drink of the Egyptians, Romans and Mesopotamians. It has played a key role in religion and cross-cultural trade, but only in the past 150 years has science and technology become a part of the winemaking process. Louis Pasteur's
- [Chewing Gum](https://illumin.usc.edu/chewing-gum/) - Chewing gum, the most popular snack in America, can be traced back to ancient Greece. Over the past two centuries, gum manufacturers have embraced materials science to produce a product that has a wide variety of benefits, from cavity protection to enhanced mental concentration. However, this treat is also polluting streets, sidewalks, and buildings around
- [Biologics: Power to the Proteins](https://illumin.usc.edu/biologics-power-to-the-proteins/) - A vaccine is made of either the whole or part of bacteria that causes a disease or virus. Thus, they come from biological organisms. Due to their living sources, the vaccines are classified by the FDA as part of a larger category known as biologics. Biologics encompass far more than vaccines and differ from traditional
- [Vagus Nerve Stimulation Therapy](https://illumin.usc.edu/vagus-nerve-stimulation-therapy/) - Treating drug-resistant epilepsy and depression seemed impossible a few years ago. However, with the advent of Vagus Nerve Stimulation, treatment of these severe types of diseases is now possible. VNS therapy is a powerful new treatment that modulates some neural structures and functions to benefit those diagnosed with drug-resistant epilepsy and depression. Powered by an
- [Underwater Habitats](https://illumin.usc.edu/underwater-habitats/) - Last April, science hobbyist Lloyd Godson surfaced after surviving 13 days underwater in a lake near Albury, Australia. Godson's underwater habitat, the BioSUB, was designed to simulate a closed, autonomous environment. Using a Biocoil, a gas-exchange system that utilizes the photosynthetic properties of chlorella algae when supplied with carbon dioxide, light, and water, Godson was
- [Motion Sensors](https://illumin.usc.edu/motion-sensors/) - Motion sensors are found everywhere today. This technology has helped accommodate our busy schedules by making our daily activities more efficient and convenient. These sensors were introduced by the demand for detection of enemy aircraft during World War II and were ultimately developed to apply to everyday life. With the demand of useful tools to
- [Power Wars: AC vs. DC](https://illumin.usc.edu/power-wars-ac-vs-dc/) - At the end of the 19th century, humanity captured power in its highest form: electricity. With a new magical power in the hands of great industrialists, a battle for ownership of the multi-million dollar future of its technological development ensued. The great engineer George Westinghouse dared do battle with Thomas Edison--fellow engineer and brilliant inventor--in
- [Turbochargers](https://illumin.usc.edu/turbochargers/) - Turbocharging, a technology originally developed for use in aircraft, is a current trend among automobile enthusiasts. Applying a turbocharger to an internal combustion engine increases the power output of that engine, allowing for greater acceleration and higher maximum speeds. Turbochargers increase an automobile's power-to-weight ratio by harnessing the exhaust from the engine. They can also
- [The Danger of Airport Runway Crashes](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-danger-of-airport-runway-crashes/) - Runway incursions present a serious danger to airplane passengers today. Any time two planes, or a plane and vehicle, either come close to a collision or actually do collide on the runway surface can be described as an incursion. There are numerous factors that lead to runway incursions, and all of these must be taken
- [Reflecting on the Mirrors](https://illumin.usc.edu/reflecting-on-the-mirrors/) - Advertisements for some new types of televisions claim that their superb picture quality is due to “the mirrors.” These mirrors are on the order of microns wide, and millions of them reside in the back of DLP televisions. This way of projecting the light source is a cutting-edge method (over LCD and Plasma) that allows
- [From Chemistry Labs to the Kitchen: Molecular Gastronomy](https://illumin.usc.edu/from-chemistry-labs-to-the-kitchen-molecular-gastronomy/) - In 1980, the science behind cuisine, formerly known as molecular gastronomy, was introduced into the culinary world. Cooking experts in some of the top restaurants from London to New York City have demonstrated how understanding the science behind simple foods — such as French fries and mayonnaise — can add new dimensions to taste by
- [Built for Sound: Architectural Acoustics](https://illumin.usc.edu/built-for-sound-architectural-acoustics-2/) - Architectural acoustics contribute significantly to the enjoyment of music. This is due to the relationship between a song and its intended performance venue. With the proper balance of acoustical intimacy and aliveness, performance venues are designed to accentuate the characteristics of symphonic music and provide the best listening experience possible. After enduring centuries of trial
- [Engineering Snow](https://illumin.usc.edu/engineering-snow/) - In the middle of the 20th century a device was invented that would forever change the way that ski areas operate -- the man-made snow machine. Snow sports enthusiasts have long been at the mercy of the weather to give them desired snow conditions. However, ski areas now rely significantly less on the weather to
- [The Trebuchet](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-trebuchet/) - The medieval battlefield was dominated by large artillery weapons, and among these the trebuchet was king. This massive weapon was eventually capable of throwing massive boulders over 250 meters, but it did not start that way. It took over 1000 years of innovation, experimentation, and modification to transform a moderately effective projectile-throwing machine into an
- [Taking Off and Landing on an Aircraft Carrier](https://illumin.usc.edu/taking-off-and-landing-on-an-aircraft-carrier/) - The aircraft carrier is the centerpiece of the United States Navy because of its ability to transport aircraft all over the world. The main component of these ships is their ability to launch and land jets in such a small space. But with so much chaos in such a small area, engineers have had to
- [Security Versus Privacy: The Engineering of X-Ray Vision](https://illumin.usc.edu/security-versus-privacy-the-engineering-of-x-ray-vision/) - In the post-September 11 era, engineers have developed new technologies to meet growing safety and security concerns at the world's airports. The drawbacks of existing security measures - especially physical pat downs - have provided a foundation for "backscatter" X-ray technology. Information offered by the Transportation Security Administration and American Science and Engineering, Inc., demonstrate
- [Freeze! Engineering Frozen Vegetables and Fruits](https://illumin.usc.edu/freeze-engineering-frozen-vegetables-and-fruits/) - With Americans working longer hours, there is less time to create a meal from scratch. The invention of frozen food has allowed us to simply microwave a meal in a few minutes, providing us with more time to spend on our hobbies and with our loved ones. Although some people tend to stay away from
- [A Chemical Engineer's Guide to Cleaning Just About Anything](https://illumin.usc.edu/a-chemical-engineers-guide-to-cleaning-just-about-anything/) - When people kneel down to scrub the stains out of their bathtubs or struggle to remove the coffee grounds from their kitchen counters, they are probably not thinking about the complicated chemical reactions that are happening just beneath their hands. The cleaning supplies that we all use, from simple soaps to detergents to vinegars and
- [UAVs: Engineering in Action](https://illumin.usc.edu/uavs-engineering-in-action/) - Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are a fusion of many engineering disciplines. They are the premier platform for advanced communication, surveillance, and propulsion technologies. While they have recently garnered most of their press on the battlefield, an emerging commercial sector is attempting to make them part of everyday life. Introduction Anyone paying even the slightest attention
- [The Metro: The Engineering Behind Madrid's Most Valuable Asset](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-metro-the-engineering-behind-madrids-most-valuable-asset/) - Almost every major metropolis around the globe has a mass transit system. When executed properly, these can be the most economically and physically efficient means of moving large populations through a city. Unfortunately, only a few of these systems in the United States have been designed or operated well enough to merit recognition; namely, Boston
- [The Magnetic Stripe Technology](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-magnetic-stripe-technology/) - A credit card is ubiquitous in today's fast-paced society. The invention of credit cards has revolutionized the word, perhaps due to the fact that this object has made transactions faster, more secure, and trackable. What many forget is that the most important feature of a credit card is the black stripe often found at the
- [Space-Based Solar Power: A New Path Towards Sustainable, Clean Energy?](https://illumin.usc.edu/space-based-solar-power-a-new-path-towards-sustainable-clean-energy/) - Space-based solar power (SBSP) is an idea that has been alternatively promoted and ignored since its inception in 1968. A space-based solar power system is essentially a satellite comprised mainly of solar panels that beams electrical energy down to a collecting station on Earth, which then distributes that energy to the domestic power grid. The
- [Rail Guns: From Sci-Fi to Reality](https://illumin.usc.edu/rail-guns-from-sci-fi-to-reality/) - A rail gun uses magnetic and electric forces to accelerate a projectile. Parallel rails extend along the length of the firing chamber of the rail gun powered by capacitors. With the power generated by the magnetic fields contained in rail guns, objects can be launched at incredible speeds. The result is a destructive force. The
- [Mommy, I Want a Jetpack](https://illumin.usc.edu/mommy-i-want-a-jetpack/) - Since the 1920s, science fiction has glamorized the jetpack as futuristic technology. After almost one hundred years and only moderate levels of success, people today are left wondering if the jetpack will ever become a reality. By exploring its origins and analyzing recurring design flaws, one can understand the jetpack’s slow development. The success of
- [Follow Your Nose: Engineering in Perfumes](https://illumin.usc.edu/follow-your-nose-engineering-in-perfumes/) - Most people view perfumes as delicate works of art, created with a meticulous hand and applied with a careful touch. However, the introduction of engineering into the analysis and creation of fragrances has mechanized the process more than ever before. The consequences of these new methods, both intended and unintended, have changed the industry irreversibly
- [Translucent Concrete: An Emerging Material](https://illumin.usc.edu/translucent-concrete-an-emerging-material/) - Concrete, that traditionally solid, substantial building material, is getting a makeover. Engineers have now developed concrete mixtures that are capable of transmitting light. By switching the ingredients of traditional concrete with transparent ones, or embedding fiber optics, translucent concrete has become a reality. As with any new material, it is expensive and still has some
- [The Dog’s Nose Knows…Or Does It? Explosives Detection by Mechanical and Electrical “Noses”](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-dogs-nose-knowsor-does-it-explosives-detection-by-mechanical-and-electrical-noses/) - Explosives have been and continue to be a major threat to airports and military personnel across the globe. With the endless amount of information available on the Internet and with technology advancing at an incredibly rapid rate, dangerous weapons have never been so easy to manufacture. Not only are newly made explosives a concern to
- [Stealth Characteristics of the F-22 Raptor](https://illumin.usc.edu/stealth-characteristics-of-the-f-22-raptor/) - The F-22 Raptor was developed by Lockheed Martin in partnership with Boeing. Though initially developed to serve as an air superiority fighter, which meant that it would take control of enemy airspace and destroy any opposition, it has developed into more of a multi-role vehicle. The F-22 is an overwhelming vehicle with capabilities that enable
- [Maglevs: The Future of Flying Trains](https://illumin.usc.edu/maglevs-the-future-of-flying-trains/) - Maglev trains have the potential to revolutionize how we travel. The trains levitate using magnets, zipping through the air at speeds above 350 mph. These high speeds would allow for maglev trains to be a realistic alternative to flying, and they use very little energy and emit no pollutants during transportation. They require little maintenance,
- [Immersed in Reality](https://illumin.usc.edu/immersed-in-reality/) - Tele-Immersion (TI) involves the construction of a three dimensional (3D), realistic holographic environment where two or more physically separated users can communicate with each other in real-time. Existing video conferencing applications lack this dimensionality and realism. Tele-Immersion is an engineering solution to this deficiency and is made possible by combining state-of-the-art multimedia technologies with high-speed
- [Tissue Engineering: Growing Human Livers?](https://illumin.usc.edu/tissue-engineering-growing-human-livers/) - Current research in tissue engineering may soon offer a solution to the rising number of people waiting for livers. Recent research has shown promising breakthroughs; In June, 2010 researchers at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston managed to successfully transplant an artificial liver into a rat. This research also has the potential to advance other
- [Thorium Reactors: Solving the Global Energy Crisis](https://illumin.usc.edu/thorium-reactors-solving-the-global-energy-crisis/) - As global demand for energy increases and access to fossil fuels decreases, we face a crisis. Nuclear power offers ecologically sound energy, but it is costly to produce and maintain. In the wake of the tragedy at the Japanese nuclear power plant Fukushima Daiichi, nuclear energy seems less safe in the eyes of the public,
- [The World’s Most Attractive Magnet that is not Attracting Attention](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-worlds-most-attractive-magnet-that-is-not-attracting-attention/) - Invented in 1983, the neodymium magnet, though not well-known, is the world’s most powerful permanent magnet. Composed of approximately 70% iron, 5% boron, and 25% neodymium, neodymium magnets are utilized in electric motors, smart phones, hard drives, headphones, speakers, and many more applications. Compared with its predecessor, the Samarium Cobalt magnet, it is 1.5 to
- [The Da Vinci Robot](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-da-vinci-robot/) - Traditionally, surgeries were accomplished by cutting the skin and tissues of the patient in order to expose the structures and organs for operation. This required making sizable incisions on the patient's body, which in turn led to consequences such as longer recovery times and large post-operative scars. Since the efforts to advance robotics in medicine
- [Mobile Microscopes: How Your Cell Phone Can Save Lives](https://illumin.usc.edu/mobile-microscopes-how-your-cell-phone-can-save-lives/) - What if a text message could save a life? Dr. Ayogdan Ozcan and his team of researchers have developed a cost-efficient, revolutionary device that can perform basic diagnostics for blood cell count, malaria, and tuberculosis – all on the back of a $30 camera phone. The device uses a lens-free imaging technique known as LUCAS,
- [Drag Reduction: The Pursuit of Better Fuel Economy](https://illumin.usc.edu/drag-reduction-the-pursuit-of-better-fuel-economy/) - Aerodynamics was first used to increase vehicle performance in race cars during the 1970s. Race car engineers realized that air flowing around the vehicle could be used to increase downforce and reduce aerodynamic drag on the car. As fuel economy became a strong factor in road vehicle design, engineers soon realized that the methods of
- [SCENTsory Entertainment: The Engineering Behind Smell-o-vision](https://illumin.usc.edu/scentsory-entertainment-the-engineering-behind-smell-o-vision/) - The technology for creating scents in television is in the near future. Researchers from the University of California San Diego are currently working with engineers at Samsung to develop a device that makes the smell-o-vision --smell with television-- a reality. This compact device will be an odor-generating component for TVs and will even be small
- [How Industrial Engineers Will Save Health Care](https://illumin.usc.edu/how-industrial-engineers-will-save-health-care/) - Industrial engineers possess the knowledge, training, and experience needed to distribute solutions to improve inefficient systems, like American healthcare. Breakdown in efficiency, caused by factors such as ambiguous communication and ineffective timelines, contributes to patient frustration and dissatisfaction. Industrial engineers are rightly sought out to identify flaws in the healthcare system and to develop effective
- [The Science of Time Travel](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-science-of-time-travel/) - Time travel involves either moving backward to the past or forward to the future. Just as our current actions affect the future, our actions of the past can affect the present. The Grandfather Paradox, which must be addressed when discussing time travel, describes the potential problems that can arise from traveling to the past. Albert
- [Beauty and the Geek: The Engineering Behind Laser Hair Removal](https://illumin.usc.edu/beauty-and-the-geek-the-engineering-behind-laser-hair-removal/) - Understanding laser hair removal requires knowledge of many disciplines. Quantum and optical physics, the biology behind the growth cycles of hair, and the historical and modern rationale for depilation (hair removal) contribute to this interesting cosmetic procedure. The study of Laser Hair Removal reveals the interconnection between societal values and science while also providing an
- [Automotive Active Safety Systems](https://illumin.usc.edu/automotive-active-safety-systems/) - Automotive active safety systems have saved many thousands of lives since their introduction. From simple headlights to automated emergency braking, active safety systems use advances in engineering to make driving safer. By making a vehicle more visible to other drivers, better informing a driver of road hazards, and even taking total control of an automobile
- [Technology at the Tip of Your Finger: Contact Lenses beyond Vision Correction](https://illumin.usc.edu/technology-at-the-tip-of-your-finger-contact-lenses-beyond-vision-correction/) - Engineers are discovering modern applications of the contact lens, extending from correcting vision to curing blindness. Intraocular pressure sensors in contact lenses may provide relief to glaucoma patients; stem cell colonies from a healthy eye may, when applied to a lens, help repair vision loss. Contact lenses are also the subject of nanotechnology experiments, including
- [Layer-by-Layer: Engineering Surfaces](https://illumin.usc.edu/layer-by-layer-engineering-surfaces/) - Modifying window panes with thin films can block infrared rays from entering a building, an innovation that can make cars and homes more energy-efficient by limiting the need for air conditioners and heating units. The technology behind these films—layer-by-layer deposition—features many remarkable applications in the present and promises even more for the future. Introduction You
- [Establishing a Lunar Colony](https://illumin.usc.edu/establishing-a-lunar-colony/) - Establishing a colony on the moon would force scientists and engineers to solve extremely complex design problems but would open doors to further exploration into our galaxy and beyond. In order to establish a lunar colony, scientists and engineers would need to develop new lunar structures as well as determine a way for the lunar
- [Improving the Bicycle](https://illumin.usc.edu/improving-the-bicycle/) - Bicycles have been around for many years and are constantly being researched and improved. Many disciplines of science and engineering are necessary in making the bicycle what it is today and will be in the future. Since the appearance of the first bicycle in the late 1700s, this machine has evolved from a simple wooden
- [Engineering Test-Tube Meat: Out of the Lab and onto the Dinner Plate](https://illumin.usc.edu/engineering-test-tube-meat-out-of-the-lab-and-onto-the-dinner-plate/) - What if we could produce and sell animal-free meat? Though it may sound like an oxymoron, this may be completely possible within the next few decades. With new technologies that allow scientists to create masses of muscle cells in a petri dish, engineers must step up to convert this technology to the production plant. By
- [The Power of Pond Scum: Algae Biofuels](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-power-of-pond-scum-algae-biofuels/) - Our world is facing a global energy crisis. As we continue to deplete non-renewable energy resources, we must seek to develop alternative renewable resources to meet our energy demands. Scientists and engineers are currently researching algae as a potential source of biofuel that might replace fossil fuels as a main source of energy. Compared to
- [Sun Bake No More: A Safer Alternative for a Beautiful Glow Using Sunless Tanner](https://illumin.usc.edu/sun-bake-no-more-a-safer-alternative-for-a-beautiful-glow-using-sunless-tanner/) - The sunless tanner has provided an alternative to sun-kissed skin that does not have an effect on premature aging or an increased risk of skin cancer. Instead of exposure to ultraviolet rays, sunless tanners use a natural ingredient, dihydroxyacetone, that reacts with dead skin cells on the outermost layer of the skin, temporarily staining it
- [Smoking without Smoke: Engineering the Cigarette](https://illumin.usc.edu/smoking-without-smoke-engineering-the-cigarette/) - Electronic cigarettes deliver the same nicotine as traditional cigarettes but with fewer additives. They offer themselves as an alternative to traditional cigarettes and possibly as an effective nicotine replacement therapy. Being that they are less harmful to our environment, electronic cigarettes are a strong example of how engineers are seeking to reshape our world for
- [How Companies Fulfill Your Deepest Desires: Neuromarketing and the MRI](https://illumin.usc.edu/how-companies-fulfill-your-deepest-desires-neuromarketing-and-the-mri/) - Mad Men, the American Movie Channel’s award winning TV show, transports viewers to the sexy and fast paced marketing world of Don Draper in 1960’s New York. Today, that world is getting sexier and faster with the advancement of neuromarketing. By using MRI and EEG machines on subjects exposed to products or advertisements, companies are
- [Engineering Heartbeats: The Evolution of Artificial Pacemakers](https://illumin.usc.edu/engineering-heartbeats-the-evolution-of-artificial-pacemakers/) - Arrhythmia—a cardiac disease in which the heart beats irregularly or at an abnormal pace—is caused by faulty electrical signal generation within the heart at the SA node. Recognizing the electrical properties of the heart, engineers created a treatment device, the artificial pacemaker, by applying principles of electrical engineering. The device controls the rate and rhythm
- [Can Electric Vehicles Charge Wirelessly?](https://illumin.usc.edu/can-electric-vehicles-charge-wirelessly/) - Conventionally, electric vehicles are charged by plugging in the battery compartment to an outlet using a heavy duty wire. Recent work and study into inductive power transfer methods have shown that it is possible to power electric cars wirelessly. The work highlights the success achieved in charging car batteries by retrofitting them with inductive power
- [Stopping Bullets, Saving Lives](https://illumin.usc.edu/stopping-bullets-saving-lives/) - Body armor, both soft and hard, has gone through extensive changes over the years, especially in the past century. Soft body armor, constructed out of materials such as Kevlar, uses layers of synthetic fibers to stop a bullet. Hard body armor, composed of hard ceramics like boron carbide, shatters a bullet at its surface. A
- [Walking in High Heels: The Physics Behind the Physique](https://illumin.usc.edu/walking-in-high-heels-the-physics-behind-the-physique/) - For years, women wearing high-heeled shoes have been noted for their appealing posture and gait. Physics and recent scientific research explain exactly what role these tall shoes have in creating the infamous high-heeled gait, or strut. Unfortunately, the dynamics behind these shoes also explains the pain associated with wear. New shoes are now being designed
- [What Makes Antibacterial Soap Antibacterial?](https://illumin.usc.edu/what-makes-antibacterial-soap-antibacterial/) - Germs are everywhere, so it's no surprise that antibacterial soaps, hand sanitizers, and lotions are as well. Despite this, consumer knowledge of Triclosan (the active ingredient in many antibacterial products) remains vague at best. A biochemical explanation of how Triclosan disables bacteria will give consumers a more scientific understanding of a product they use so
- [Modular Prefabricated Housing](https://illumin.usc.edu/modular-prefabricated-housing/) - This article will investigate the process of designing and building prefabricated, modular houses. Positive qualities such as eco-friendliness, cost-effectiveness and efficiency are reflected in the procedures of construction and use of materials. Modular housing has many advantages over traditional site-built houses, and it is suggested that the prefabrication housing technique can be one of the
- [Atomic Clock: The Atlas of Our Time](https://illumin.usc.edu/atomic-clock-the-atlas-of-our-time/) - In man's quest to capture time, no innovation has come closer to measuring time with precision than the atomic clock. Using Cesium-133 atoms, scientists and engineers have implemented atomic clocks in a variety of experiments and systems. Since the 1960s, atomic clocks proved to be more precise than other timekeeping methods and being so, the
- [Automotive Telematics: A Technological Lifesaver](https://illumin.usc.edu/automotive-telematics-a-technological-lifesaver/) - Telematics, in its general sense, refers to the science of sending, receiving, and storing information via telecommunication devices. It is most notably known for its use in automotive vehicles through the application of global positioning systems. The variety of ways in which this technology may be used has only begun to make its presence known:
- [Multiple Access Schemes for Mobile Phones](https://illumin.usc.edu/multiple-access-schemes-for-mobile-phones/) - Mobile phones allow users to place calls, send text messages, and receive updates from the internet. Information from a mobile phone is sent and received by way of electromagnetic waves. All information is encoded prior to transmission, decoded upon arrival, and must be sent so that many users can share the cellular system without mutual
- [The Engineering Behind the Perfect Cup of Joe](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-engineering-behind-the-perfect-cup-of-joe/) - From perfecting the coffee bean preparation process to creating the various machines used to brew the java, it has taken hundreds of years of scientific knowledge and engineering to bring the process of coffee making to the state it is in today. Creating new systems for roasting coffee beans requires that many chemical and mechanical
- [The Development of Ossicular Replacement Prostheses for the Treatment of Conductive Hearing Loss](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-development-of-ossicular-replacement-prostheses-for-the-treatment-of-conductive-hearing-loss/) - One of the continuing goals of scientists and engineers is to develop technologies which reduce the severity of physical disabilities. Hearing loss due to defects in the middle ear occur with great frequency, and the more severe cases can be treated with ossicular replacement prostheses. The main focus of this article will be on the
- [Minerva: A Pioneer in Everyday Robots](https://illumin.usc.edu/minerva-a-pioneer-in-everyday-robots/) - Robots are often relegated to the realm of fantasy. But Minerva, an interactive tour-guide robot, which was successfully exhibited in the Smithsonian Museum, has brought robotics to everyday life. Robots: Cuddly or Deadly? From the terrifying annihilators of Terminator II to the cute, artificial creature of Short Circuit, contemporary science fiction has done so much to shape people's
- [Catch a Wave: Radio Waves and How They Work](https://illumin.usc.edu/catch-a-wave-radio-waves-and-how-they-work/) - Frequently used and often overlooked, the radio has played an important role in our lives and the lives of those before us. The mysteries of radio are abandoned because we simply expect wonderful sound to emanate from the speakers when the power is switched on. Seldom do we ponder the physics behind how the radio
- [A Simple Complexity](https://illumin.usc.edu/a-simple-complexity/) - Created as a teaching toy twenty years ago, Erno Rubik's cube quickly became a popular toy that entertained, challenged, and confounded millions of people. The cube consists of a core and attached outer cubes designed to allow rotation on three axes. Rubik's cube can be used to study permutations and algorithms, as well as serving
- [The Myoelectric Arm: It's Electrifying](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-myoelectric-arm-its-electrifying/) - With the help of scientists and engineers, individuals missing appendages can be given a chance to live a life in which their amputee status is an afterthought. The recent progress of prosthetic engineering has enabled scientists to design artificial limbs that function nearly as well as biological ones. On the forefront of this technology is
- [Founding Fathers of Video Games](https://illumin.usc.edu/founding-fathers-of-video-games/) - The video game industry has a world wide sphere of influence. Whether you are hanging out at home with your friends playing the newest FIFA soccer game, communicating over headset with someone around the world to team up and take down an enemy, or in line at the grocery store playing Angry Birds, your gaming
- [Is Safeguarding America's Nuclear Power Plants Impossible?](https://illumin.usc.edu/is-safeguarding-americas-nuclear-power-plants-impossible/) - Today, nuclear power plants are one of the most common forms of power production. Much of the world today is dependent on nuclear power, despite the inherent danger that radioactive fuel presents. Although nuclear power plants have been engineered for the utmost safety during normal operation, they are still vulnerable to intentional acts of sabotage.
- [Engineering Rock and Roll: A Casual Introduction to Signal Processing](https://illumin.usc.edu/engineering-rock-and-roll-a-casual-introduction-to-signal-processing/) - Audio distortion has become an accepted method of musical creation. A discussion of the wave properties of sound, the origin of distortion (due to both wave physics and audio device technology), and an overview of many types of distortion, including hard and soft clipping, even and odd harmonic distortion, speaker overdrive, amplifier non linear operation
- [Chemical Engineering Your Dinner](https://illumin.usc.edu/chemical-engineering-your-dinner/) - The field of chemical engineering has existed since World War I, yet many may have trouble describing what a Chemical Engineer actually does. Chemical Engineering has allowed Americans to enjoy a higher quality of life through the benefits of the products these engineers produce. In fact, industrial processes used by Chemical Engineers are so widespread
- [Dynamics of the M16 Assault Rifle](https://illumin.usc.edu/dynamics-of-the-m16-assault-rifle/) - The news media has recently portrayed assault rifles as an evil of society. However, the assault rifle is often a misunderstood device. The M16, the standard assault rifle used by the United States military and many other defensive forces throughout the world, derives its popularity from its durability, efficiency, accuracy, and variable fire rate. The
- [Engineering Kites Beyond Flight](https://illumin.usc.edu/engineering-kites-beyond-flight/) - Kites have existed for thousands of years, but even today, little is understood about them. While the aerodynamics of a kite are known in theory, in practice deformability makes its behavior highly unpredictable - yet, precise control of kites has rarely been a concern since kite flying has been relegated to the hobbyist's realm. The
- [Silicon Smarts: Artificially Intelligent Computers](https://illumin.usc.edu/silicon-smarts-artificially-intelligent-computers/) - The field of artificial intelligence (AI) incorporates many disparate disciplines. In the past few decades, theoretical work done in the field has made technological breakthroughs, such as expert systems and interactive robots, possible. These artificially intelligence systems touch our everyday lives, and new AI developments hold even more promise to benefit mankind. The Basics of
- [Terraforming Mars](https://illumin.usc.edu/terraforming-mars/) - Mars, a planet once warm enough to support water, is now a cold and dry wasteland unable to sustain human life. Many scientists believe that through the introduction of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, the Martian environment can be terraformed into a planet like Earth. Possible methods for introducing carbon dioxide include the spread of
- [Why The World Trade Center Towers Collapsed](https://illumin.usc.edu/why-the-world-trade-center-towers-collapsed/) - On September 11, 2001, two Boeing 757's crashed into the World Trade Center's two high-rise towers. In addition to the structural damage the impacts caused, the leaking jet fuel led to extensive fires and rapid explosions in the buildings. The towers collapsed within two hours of the attack. While it may take investigators years to
- [The Digital Versatile Disks](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-digital-versatile-disks/) - Digital Versatile Disks are paving the way toward a new tomorrow in the entertainment industry. With DVDs, home entertainment is looking and sounding better. The digitalization of media offers many advantages to current storage methods. This technology outperforms magnetic recording in the presentation of audio and video quality and storage life. These and other features
- [The New and Improved Reality](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-new-and-improved-reality/) - Augmented Reality is a technology in which virtual images are superimposed on views of the real world to provide users with additional information. Engineers are already experimenting with practical applications of Augmented Reality in the realms of medicine, manufacturing, emergency situations, and efficiency evaluation. However, improvements must still be made in the areas of tracking
- [The Design and Use of Soybean Oil-Filled Breast Implants in Augmentation Mammioplasty](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-design-and-use-of-soybean-oil-filled-breast-implants-in-augmentation-mammioplasty/) - Many women who are unsatisfied with the appearance of their breasts use augmentation mammioplasty, or breast augmentation, to achieve their desired look. The most commonly used breast implants are silicone gel and saline-filled implants, both of which have harmful drawbacks. Silicone gel are not biocompatible and obstruct the visibility of tumors in mammography. Saline-filled implants
- [Wearable Contact-Lens Display: The Next Generation of Wearable Technology](https://illumin.usc.edu/wearable-contact-lens-display-the-next-generation-of-wearable-technology/) - Engineers are on the brink of major breakthroughs in creating contact lenses that offer wearers all of the functionality of a computer or smartphone. Earlier iterations of this technology have been confined to clunky glasses and goggles. However, new composite materials that combine graphene and silver nanowires are making it possible to create a display
- [Shaky Ground: The Design of Suspension Bridges](https://illumin.usc.edu/shaky-ground-the-design-of-suspension-bridges/) - The introduction of fuel injection to the automobile has been a major factor in increasing the power available to engines in recent years. However, its introduction was initially slow due to the inherent complexities of the system. Computer integration revolutionized the design of this automotive subsystem and has become the onboard controller of the fuel
- [Fuel Injection](https://illumin.usc.edu/fuel-injection/) - The introduction of fuel injection to the automobile has been a major factor in increasing the power available to engines in recent years. However, its introduction was initially slow due to the inherent complexities of the system. Computer integration revolutionized the design of this automotive subsystem and has become the onboard controller of the fuel
- [Pyschoacoustics and Surround Sound Systems](https://illumin.usc.edu/pyschoacoustics-and-surround-sound-systems/) - Sound consists of variations in air pressure arriving at the ears. The human hearing system is capable of deciphering these relatively mundane and simple variations into a substantial amount of important information, much of which is relied upon for human survival. Since the hearing process is both psychological (associated with the brain) and acoustical (associated
- [Talking to Your Computer](https://illumin.usc.edu/talking-to-your-computer/) - Speech recognition capabilities on personal computers may soon become common applications for those who wish to have relief from inordinate amounts of typing or data entry. Perfect speech recognition is difficult to achieve, however, thanks to variations in speech from person to person. The development of these capabilities requires understanding of human speech variance and
- [Cellular Computing: Pushing the Boundaries of Computation](https://illumin.usc.edu/cellular-computing-pushing-the-boundaries-of-computation/) - Dr. Endy and his team have developed a cellular logic gate, dubbed a transcriptor, which was the last of three things necessary to making cellular computing a reality: a way to store information, a method of transporting information, and something to perform basic logic operations. Storage has been achieved through recoding DNA into storing massive
- [The Engineering Behind Automotive Airbags](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-engineering-behind-automotive-airbags/) - Thousands of lives are saved by airbags during high-speed car accidents. Exactly how does the airbag deploy at such a high speed, and what trends in airbag technology should we look forward to in future developments? The development of the automotive industry has lead to enormous developments in safety, specifically airbag design and technology. This
- [Roller Coasters](https://illumin.usc.edu/roller-coasters/) - Millions of people ride roller coasters every year and have turned the roller coaster business into a billion dollar industry. Usually, while the passengers are whizzing around on the hills of the coaster they aren't thinking about the designers that made the rides possible or the laws of physics that coasters are based on. Roller
- [Fast & Furious: The Science behind Badminton Smashes](https://illumin.usc.edu/fast-furious-the-science-behind-badminton-smashes/) - Badminton Smash is a shot that demonstrates the player’s ultimate power and control. There are certain things that can help nonprofessionals smash like professionals. These things will be discussed in detail in this essay. illumin.usc.edu The Engineering behind Badminton. (Flash) Introduction Badminton is a racket sport like tennis, except that a bird (also called shuttlecock,
- [The Engineering Behind the Microwave Oven](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-engineering-behind-the-microwave-oven/) - The microwave oven recently celebrated its golden anniversary. As familiar an appliance as it is to many people, few really know how it works. This article will provide some insight into the history of the microwave oven's discovery and development, as well as elaborate on the internal workings and mechanisms that provide the "magic" behind
- [The Engineering Behind Shoe Design](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-engineering-behind-shoe-design/) - Shoe design is a complex process that involves the collaboration of a variety of individuals, including runners, craftsmen, technicians, scientists, and doctors. This article will focus on the complicated efforts that stand behind a relatively simple piece of athletic equipment: the running shoe. Introduction They were dreaming about running . . . Knifing through the
- [Another Atomic Age](https://illumin.usc.edu/another-atomic-age/) - We live in a nuclear age. We've harnessed the power of the atom to feed our thirst for energy, but new uses of the atom have the possibility to expand the annals of knowledge. Modern scientists are now turning to the power of the atom for its unbridled promise in the realm of computation. Quantum
- [Big Things in Small Packages: The Development of Portable Nuclear Reactors](https://illumin.usc.edu/big-things-in-small-packages-the-development-of-portable-nuclear-reactors/) - This paper discusses the development of portable reactor technologies and the history behind the science and engineering of portable reactors, focusing on describing the LENR or low energy nuclear reactions associated with the development of small modular reactors. In addition, it will elaborate on the companies and governments researching small reactors, and the current status
- [Rebuilding the Ancient World via Computer Modeling](https://illumin.usc.edu/rebuilding-the-ancient-world-via-computer-modeling/) - Computer modeling gives archaeologists the means to represent data. These computer models can then be modified as new data is collected. There are many applications available to develop these computer models. One such example of computer modeling being used in the field of archaeology is the Pompeii Forum Project. These computer models of ancient buildings
- ["Use the Force, Luke"](https://illumin.usc.edu/use-the-force-luke/) - Since the introduction of EEG technology in 1924, the reading and processing of neural signals has reached a remarkable level of sophistication. This has allowed the invention and development of the brain-machine interface, which allows for a direct connection from the brain to the surrounding world. In many cases, BMIs allow for control of or
- [Hybrid Electric Vehicles: A History of Technological Innovation](https://illumin.usc.edu/hybrid-electric-vehicles-a-history-of-technological-innovation/) - The release of the first hybrid electric vehicles in the United States marks the start of a revolution. Hybrid vehicles are electric cars that utilize small internal-combustion engines and an electric generator. The advantages of this concept are clear: increased fuel efficiency and reduced levels of pollution without the complications and maintenance requirements of a
- [Corneal Rings: A Revolutionary Invention in the Field of Corrective Eye Surgery](https://illumin.usc.edu/corneal-rings-a-revolutionary-invention-in-the-field-of-corrective-eye-surgery/) - Corneal rings are micro-thin inserts that were recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), in April 1999, for use in the correction of myopia and small degrees of astigmatism. This product of biomedical engineering offers patients another choice when searching for an alternative to glasses or contact lenses. The major advantage of corneal
- [Dynamics of Car Seat Design](https://illumin.usc.edu/dynamics-of-car-seat-design/) - How many times have you gotten out of a car after a long trip and experienced pain in your legs, back, or gluteus maximus? The pain is most likely due to the way you sat during your ride. The car seat plays a major role in keeping passengers comfortable and safe. Its purpose is to
- [Biodiesel: A Realistic Alternative?](https://illumin.usc.edu/biodiesel-a-realistic-alternative/) - Biodiesel is a renewable source of energy that could potentially reduce the world's dependence on coal and crude oil. It is a byproduct of refined vegetable and soybean oils, and it contains almost the same amount of energy per gallon as traditional diesel while having cleaner emissions when consumed. Biodiesel is not a mainstream fuel
- [Designing Vision](https://illumin.usc.edu/designing-vision/) - With the rapid technological advancements, it is easy to forget the significant inventions of years past. However, since the 1700's, only a few modifications have altered the basic design of today's eyewear. The development of contact lenses eliminated the awkward frames of glasses, but at the expense of frequent replacement and eye irritation. Now laser
- [The Artificial Natural “World”](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-artificial-natural-world/) - Dubai intrigues the world with its luxurious artificial islands. These man-made paradises display the innovative strategies of modern engineering as it involves the collaboration of the most notable engineering firms for land reclamation. The most famous island, Palm Jumeirah, attracts thousands of vacationers a day, and with this increase in tourism, the ruler of the
- [A New World of Opportunity: A Look Into Virtual Reality](https://illumin.usc.edu/a-new-world-of-opportunity-a-look-into-virtual-reality/) - People have shown an interest in virtual reality, long before we were capable of accomplishing it. Now, with technological advancements in computer graphics and hardware, engineers are closing the gap between fact and science fiction. Developing advanced 3D displays and increasing processing speed and response time are leading to a future with authentic, immersive virtual
- [The Future of the Panama Canal](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-future-of-the-panama-canal/) - This article explores the future of the Panama Canal as part of the global transportation system. Beginning with a brief overview of how vessels pass through the canal this article outlines the canal's importance to the global economy. It identifies three problems the canal is faced with regarding efficient traffic flow: the transfer of authority,
- [Engineering the Heart-Lung Machine](https://illumin.usc.edu/engineering-the-heart-lung-machine/) - Coronary bypass surgery, widely used to treat cardiovascular disease, involves redirecting a patient’s bloodflow around the heart in order to allow surgeons to operate. Heart-lung machines synthetically oxygenate and pump blood during such surgeries in order to keep the patient alive. The first heart-lung machine dates back to the 1930s and consisted of many of
- [Biomimetics: Engineering Spider Silk](https://illumin.usc.edu/biomimetics-engineering-spider-silk/) - Spider silk has drawn much attention from engineers in the past 20 years for its toughness and elasticity, properties which may be utilized in applications such as suspension bridge wires, bulletproof vests, and medical adhesives. There remains, however, a mystery behind the production of spider silk. Scientists are intensively studying this process in order for
- [Connect to Education](https://illumin.usc.edu/connect-to-education/) - Many engineering advancements have aided in the progress and quality of education. In previous generations, distance and distributed learning did not replicate the quality of learning available through traditional face-to-face methods. Recently, distributed and distance learning (better known as e-learning) has evolved from video taped recordings to satellite broadcasted web lectures. Supported by new collaboration
- [Impact of Orbital Debris](https://illumin.usc.edu/impact-of-orbital-debris/) - Over the past 50 years, man's growing presence in space has led to an increasing amount of debris orbiting Earth. With contemporary society’s heavy reliance on the technology orbiting the planet, the risk of collisions endangers the way man utilizes space. Existing concepts to remove orbital debris are not feasible and the increasing threat of
- [DNA Fingerprinting](https://illumin.usc.edu/dna-fingerprinting/) - DNA fingerprinting has established itself as an efficient and highly accurate means of determining identities and relationships. It has practically revolutionized the field of forensics, especially concerning rape cases. DNA profiling, as the process is more appropriately called, involves the visualization of special segments of the human genome, which are unique to each individual. These
- [How Tennis Can Save Soccer: Hawk-Eye Crossing Sports](https://illumin.usc.edu/how-tennis-can-save-soccer-hawk-eye-crossing-sports/) - The 2010 FIFA World cup highlighted one of soccer’s growing issues: incorrect calls that determine the outcomes of games. FIFA President Sepp Blatter has denied the implementation of any technology in soccer multiple times. Elsewhere in sports, tennis currently uses an electronic system called Hawk-Eye that has proven to be extremely effective at judging line
- [The Beauty of Science: New Technologies in Art Restoration](https://illumin.usc.edu/the-beauty-of-science-new-technologies-in-art-restoration/) - As museum-goers, we often assume that artwork looks just as the artist intended it to look. This is generally not the case, as the passage of time necessarily degrades art, often in the form of dirt or cracks. The use of two technologies, laser ablation and bacteria, is helping to restore artwork to its intended
- [To Boldly Go Where No Man Has Gone Before: Faster-than-Light Travel in the 21st Century](https://illumin.usc.edu/to-boldly-go-where-no-man-has-gone-before-faster-than-light-travel-in-the-21st-century/) - Albert Einstein’s famous theory of relativity specified that the Universe had a speed limit for all masses. As a result, faster-than-light travel has always been seen as nothing more than science fiction. However, faster-than-light travel may not be so farfetched anymore. Engineers today are working to create the first usable ‘warp drive’, which would allow
- [Get That "Just Right" Feel: Incorporating Phase Change Materials Into Textiles](https://illumin.usc.edu/get-that-just-right-feel-incorporating-phase-change-materials-into-textiles/) - Since their development by NASA nearly 30 years ago, phase change materials (PCMs) have caught the attention of the textile industry because of their high capacity for heat storage. They make it possible to engineer fabrics that help regulate human body temperature. Depending on the surrounding temperature, phase change materials absorb or release heat, consequently
- [Base Isolation](https://illumin.usc.edu/base-isolation/) - Base isolation has become a major feature of structural design in the past few decades. While a relatively simple concept, base isolation has a long and involved history of engineering influence and will take many more years to refine. Base isolators act on well-understood physical principles such as energy, oscillation, and damping. Rubber bearing base
- [Recycling Plastics: New Recycling Technology and Biodegradable Polymer Development](https://illumin.usc.edu/recycling-plastics-new-recycling-technology-and-biodegradable-polymer-development/) - Plastics are usually disposed of in one of three ways: discarded, combusted, or recycled. Of the three options, recycling is least implemented. Because the disposal or combustion of plastics leads to detrimental health and environmental effects, short and long term solutions need to be established. A potential short-term solution would be the development of new

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- [Volume XIX](https://illumin.usc.edu/category/volume-xix/)
- [Issue I](https://illumin.usc.edu/category/volume-xix/issue-i-volume-xix/)
- [Issue II](https://illumin.usc.edu/category/volume-xix/issue-ii-volume-xix/)
- [Issue III](https://illumin.usc.edu/category/volume-xix/issue-iii-volume-xix/)
- [Issue IV](https://illumin.usc.edu/category/volume-xix/issue-iv-volume-xix/)
- [Issue V](https://illumin.usc.edu/category/volume-xix/issue-v-volume-xix/)
- [Volume XX](https://illumin.usc.edu/category/volume-xx/)
- [Issue I](https://illumin.usc.edu/category/volume-xx/issue-i-volume-xx/)
- [Volume XXI](https://illumin.usc.edu/category/volume-xxi/)
- [Issue I](https://illumin.usc.edu/category/volume-xxi/issue-i-volume-xxi/)
- [H2O](https://illumin.usc.edu/category/h2o/)
- [Most Popular](https://illumin.usc.edu/category/most-popular/)
- [Sustainability](https://illumin.usc.edu/category/sustainability/)
- [Issue III](https://illumin.usc.edu/category/volume-xx/issue-iii-volume-xx/)
- [Volume XXII](https://illumin.usc.edu/category/volume-xxii/)
- [Issue I](https://illumin.usc.edu/category/volume-xxii/issue-i-volume-xxii/)
- [Issue II](https://illumin.usc.edu/category/volume-xxii/issue-ii-volume-xxii/)
- [Volume XXIII](https://illumin.usc.edu/category/volume-xxiii/)
- [Issue I](https://illumin.usc.edu/category/volume-xxiii/issue-i-volume-xxiii/)
- [Issue II](https://illumin.usc.edu/category/volume-xxiii/issue-ii-volume-xxiii/)
- [Issue III](https://illumin.usc.edu/category/volume-xxiii/issue-iii-volume-xxiii/)
- [Volume XXIV](https://illumin.usc.edu/category/volume-xxiv/)
- [Issue I](https://illumin.usc.edu/category/volume-xxiv/issue-i-volume-xxiv/)
- [Issue II](https://illumin.usc.edu/category/volume-xxiv/issue-ii-volume-xxiv/)
- [Issue III](https://illumin.usc.edu/category/volume-xxiv/issue-iii-volume-xxiv/)
- [Issue IV](https://illumin.usc.edu/category/volume-xxiv/issue-iv-volume-xxiv/)
- [Issue V](https://illumin.usc.edu/category/volume-xxiv/issue-v-volume-xxiv/)
- [Volume XXV](https://illumin.usc.edu/category/volume-xxv/)
- [Issue I](https://illumin.usc.edu/category/volume-xxv/issue-i-volume-xxv/)
- [Issue II](https://illumin.usc.edu/category/volume-xxv/issue-ii-volume-xxv/)
- [Issue III](https://illumin.usc.edu/category/volume-xxv/issue-iii-volume-xxv/)
- [Volume XXVI](https://illumin.usc.edu/category/volume-xxvi/)
- [Issue I](https://illumin.usc.edu/category/volume-xxvi/issue-i-volume-xxvi/)
- [Artificial Intelligence](https://illumin.usc.edu/category/artificial-intelligence/)

## Tags

- [banking](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/banking/)
- [Cars](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/cars/)
- [google](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/google/)
- [shoes](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/shoes/)
- [social media](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/social-media/)
- [Space](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/space/)
- [water](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/water/)
- [lifestyle](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/lifestyle/)
- [music](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/music/)
- [entertainment](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/entertainment/)
- [computer science](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/computer-science/)
- [health & medicine](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/health-medicine/)
- [civil engineering](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/civil-engineering/)
- [transportation](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/transportation/)
- [biomedical engineering](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/biomedical-engineering/)
- [energy & sustainability](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/energy-sustainability/)
- [environmental engineering](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/environmental-engineering/)
- [building & architecture](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/building-architecture/)
- [history & society](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/history-society/)
- [car](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/car/)
- [airbags](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/airbags/)
- [automobile](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/automobile/)
- [crash sensors](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/crash-sensors/)
- [chemistry](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/chemistry/)
- [safety](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/safety/)
- [automobiles](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/automobiles/)
- [Mechanical Engineering](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/mechanical-engineering/)
- [Chemical Engineering](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/chemical-engineering/)
- [electrical engineering](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/electrical-engineering/)
- [physics](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/physics/)
- [sports & recreation](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/sports-recreation/)
- [material science](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/material-science/)
- [computer](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/computer/)
- [speech recognition](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/speech-recognition/)
- [artificial intelligence](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/artificial-intelligence/)
- [AI](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/ai/)
- [computer engineering](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/computer-engineering/)
- [technology](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/technology/)
- [food & drink](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/food-drink/)
- [roller coasters](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/roller-coasters/)
- [aerospace engineering](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/aerospace-engineering/)
- [theme park](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/theme-park/)
- [G force](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/g-force/)
- [health](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/health/)
- [medicine](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/medicine/)
- [ears](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/ears/)
- [human ear](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/human-ear/)
- [pitch](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/pitch/)
- [sound](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/sound/)
- [acoustics](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/acoustics/)
- [sound system](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/sound-system/)
- [speakers](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/speakers/)
- [sound localization](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/sound-localization/)
- [phone](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/phone/)
- [augmented reality](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/augmented-reality/)
- [virtual reality](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/virtual-reality/)
- [electronics](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/electronics/)
- [security & defense](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/security-defense/)
- [robotics](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/robotics/)
- [robots](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/robots/)
- [planes](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/planes/)
- [air force](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/air-force/)
- [neural networks](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/neural-networks/)
- [kite](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/kite/)
- [kites](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/kites/)
- [recreation](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/recreation/)
- [sports](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/sports/)
- [flight](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/flight/)
- [airplanes](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/airplanes/)
- [parachutes](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/parachutes/)
- [polyester](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/polyester/)
- [rifle](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/rifle/)
- [military](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/military/)
- [ammunition](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/ammunition/)
- [communication](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/communication/)
- [ergonomics](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/ergonomics/)
- [solar cell](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/solar-cell/)
- [neural network](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/neural-network/)
- [brain](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/brain/)
- [dream](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/dream/)
- [surfing](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/surfing/)
- [algorithm](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/algorithm/)
- [fjord](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/fjord/)
- [tunnel](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/tunnel/)
- [bridge](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/bridge/)
- [Archimedes Principle](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/archimedes-principle/)
- [sneakers](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/sneakers/)
- [style](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/style/)
- [comfort](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/comfort/)
- [prosthetics](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/prosthetics/)
- [dance](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/dance/)
- [piroutte](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/piroutte/)
- [biomechanics](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/biomechanics/)
- [games](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/games/)
- [video games](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/video-games/)
- [machine learning](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/machine-learning/)
- [Dota 2](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/dota-2/)
- [drinking](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/drinking/)
- [bottle](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/bottle/)
- [filtration](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/filtration/)
- [purification](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/purification/)
- [reverse osmosis](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/reverse-osmosis/)
- [plastic](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/plastic/)
- [hyperloop](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/hyperloop/)
- [innovation](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/innovation/)
- [cycling](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/cycling/)
- [aerodynamics](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/aerodynamics/)
- [bicycles](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/bicycles/)
- [airlines](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/airlines/)
- [tickets](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/tickets/)
- [dynamic](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/dynamic/)
- [emoji](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/emoji/)
- [character](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/character/)
- [emotion](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/emotion/)
- [ideogram](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/ideogram/)
- [pictograph](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/pictograph/)
- [picture](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/picture/)
- [texting](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/texting/)
- [smiley](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/smiley/)
- [mario](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/mario/)
- [3D](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/3d/)
- [VR](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/vr/)
- [3D modeling](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/3d-modeling/)
- [animation](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/animation/)
- [stroke rehabilitation](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/stroke-rehabilitation/)
- [neurorehabilitation](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/neurorehabilitation/)
- [motor function](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/motor-function/)
- [mirror neurons](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/mirror-neurons/)
- [vertical farming](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/vertical-farming/)
- [agriculture](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/agriculture/)
- [engineering](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/engineering/)
- [headphones](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/headphones/)
- [fireworks](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/fireworks/)
- [fuse](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/fuse/)
- [gunpowder](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/gunpowder/)
- [hologram](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/hologram/)
- [Smart contacts](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/smart-contacts/)
- [MEMS](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/mems/)
- [biocompatible](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/biocompatible/)
- [glaucoma](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/glaucoma/)
- [diabetes](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/diabetes/)
- [disease monitorization](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/disease-monitorization/)
- [noise-canceling](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/noise-canceling/)
- [healthcare](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/healthcare/)
- [algorithmic art](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/algorithmic-art/)
- [generative art](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/generative-art/)
- [graphics](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/graphics/)
- [incubator](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/incubator/)
- [neo-natal](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/neo-natal/)
- [babies](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/babies/)
- [coney-island](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/coney-island/)
- [NICU](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/nicu/)
- [broadcasting](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/broadcasting/)
- [television](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/television/)
- [space travel](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/space-travel/)
- [mars](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/mars/)
- [cookies](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/cookies/)
- [internet](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/internet/)
- [browsing](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/browsing/)
- [sky hook](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/sky-hook/)
- [environment](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/environment/)
- [coral bleaching](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/coral-bleaching/)
- [CRISPR](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/crispr/)
- [climate change](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/climate-change/)
- [genetics](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/genetics/)
- [singapore](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/singapore/)
- [Architecture](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/architecture/)
- [Biomimetic](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/biomimetic/)
- [recycling](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/recycling/)
- [single stream](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/single-stream/)
- [biophilia](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/biophilia/)
- [mental health](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/mental-health/)
- [green design](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/green-design/)
- [environmental design](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/environmental-design/)
- [beauty](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/beauty/)
- [virtual makeup](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/virtual-makeup/)
- [product sampling](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/product-sampling/)
- [sustainable packaging](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/sustainable-packaging/)
- [materials](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/materials/)
- [built environment](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/built-environment/)
- [masonry](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/masonry/)
- [construction](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/construction/)
- [plastic waste](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/plastic-waste/)
- [vending machine](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/vending-machine/)
- [plastic bottles](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/plastic-bottles/)
- [container deposit](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/container-deposit/)
- [reduce waste](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/reduce-waste/)
- [dating](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/dating/)
- [apps](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/apps/)
- [rendering](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/rendering/)
- [deepfakes](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/deepfakes/)
- [deep learning](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/deep-learning/)
- [Netflix](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/netflix/)
- [choice](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/choice/)
- [recommendation-system](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/recommendation-system/)
- [wireless](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/wireless/)
- [bluetooth](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/bluetooth/)
- [NFT](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/nft/)
- [NFTs](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/nfts/)
- [smart-contracts](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/smart-contracts/)
- [blockchain](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/blockchain/)
- [retroreflection](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/retroreflection/)
- [reflective](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/reflective/)
- [road markings](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/road-markings/)
- [traffic signs](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/traffic-signs/)
- [glass bead](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/glass-bead/)
- [corner cube prism](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/corner-cube-prism/)
- [optics](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/optics/)
- [QR code](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/qr-code/)
- [Binary Numbers](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/binary-numbers/)
- [Advertisement](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/advertisement/)
- [COVID](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/covid/)
- [Contactless](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/contactless/)
- [Finance](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/finance/)
- [Payment](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/payment/)
- [Security](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/security/)
- [data](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/data/)
- [greenhouse effect](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/greenhouse-effect/)
- [sea level rise](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/sea-level-rise/)
- [hard defenses](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/hard-defenses/)
- [soft defenses](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/soft-defenses/)
- [erosion](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/erosion/)
- [climate crisis](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/climate-crisis/)
- [carbon emissions](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/carbon-emissions/)
- [steel](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/steel/)
- [production](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/production/)
- [swimming](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/swimming/)
- [competitive swimsuits](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/competitive-swimsuits/)
- [drag](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/drag/)
- [sports and recreation](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/sports-and-recreation/)
- [speedo](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/speedo/)
- [volleyball](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/volleyball/)
- [projectile motion](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/projectile-motion/)
- [sports science](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/sports-science/)
- [sports strategy](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/sports-strategy/)
- [olympics](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/olympics/)
- [drag coefficient](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/drag-coefficient/)
- [reynolds number](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/reynolds-number/)
- [spicy](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/spicy/)
- [capsaicin](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/capsaicin/)
- [chili peppers](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/chili-peppers/)
- [food](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/food/)
- [biology](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/biology/)
- [Computer Graphics](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/computer-graphics/)
- [Arts](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/arts/)
- [Cinematic Arts](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/cinematic-arts/)
- [Dragon](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/dragon/)
- [Film](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/film/)
- [CGI](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/cgi/)
- [VFX](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/vfx/)
- [Movies](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/movies/)
- [Zero Gravity](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/zero-gravity/)
- [Vomit Comet](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/vomit-comet/)
- [Crafting](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/crafting/)
- [Sustainability](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/sustainability/)
- [Facade](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/facade/)
- [Building](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/building/)
- [Nature](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/nature/)
- [Autocorrect](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/autocorrect/)
- [Predictive Text](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/predictive-text/)
- [Large Language Models](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/large-language-models/)
- [Linguistic Diversity](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/linguistic-diversity/)
- [Federated Learning](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/federated-learning/)
- [Puzzle](https://illumin.usc.edu/tag/puzzle/)